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What are the chances and limitations of value-at-risk (VaR) models?

What are the chances and limitations of value-at-risk (VaR) models?
Author: Alexander Linn
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Total Pages: 76
Release: 2006-05-21
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3638503291

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Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Business economics - Controlling, grade: 1,7, European Business School - International University Schloß Reichartshausen Oestrich-Winkel (Department of Accounting and Control), language: English, abstract: The risk and return framework is generally accepted and discussed by scientists, at least since Markowitz introduced his Portfolio Theory in 1952. Subsequently, models were developed to evaluate investments under consideration of risk and return. Traditionally, practitioners primarily focused on past earnings as a measure of the profitability of an investment, without adequately considering potential risks. Therefore, the development of professional risk management systems was often neglected. Thus, the possibility of high losses was not appropriately incorporated in their investment strategies. The consequences of such mistreatment became evident in the mid 1990s, when some of the world’s largest companies faced huge losses and sometimes even insolvency. Most of these failures were a direct result of inappropriate use of financial instruments and insufficient internal control mechanisms. The most spectacular debacles even resulted in losses of more than one billion dollars for each affected institution. In case of Barings Bank, a single trader ruined the 233-year old British financial institution by inappropriate investments in high-risk futures in 1995. The consequent loss of $1.3 billion, realized in a very short period, could not be absorbed and forced the downfall of Barings. At Daiwa Bank, it was also a single trader who caused a $1.1 billion deficit. In contrast, the losses were accumulated over 11 years from 1984. Another well-publicized bankruptcy was declared in 1994 by the Californian Orange County, after losses of $1.8 billion. Such evidence of poor risk management and control shows that proper financial risk management is crucial for all kinds of institutions in order to guarantee stability and continuity. Therefore, it is necessary to establish adequate risk management processes and to develop appropriate tools, which quantify risk exposures of both entire institutions and single financial instruments. This risk quantification should alert management early enough to prevent exceptional losses. One of the key concepts addressing these prob-lems of modern risk management was introduced in 1993 with the Value-at-Risk (VaR) models.


Measuring Market Risk with Value at Risk

Measuring Market Risk with Value at Risk
Author: Pietro Penza
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 324
Release: 2001
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780471393139

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"This book, Measuring Market Risk with Value at Risk by Vipul Bansal and Pietro Penza, has three advantages over earlier works on the subject. First, it takes a decidedly global approach-an essential ingredient for any comprehensive work on market risk. Second, it ties the scientifically grounded, yet intuitively appealing, VaR measure to earlier, more idiosyncratic measures of market risk that are used in specific market environs (e.g., duration in fixed income). Finally, it encompasses all of the accepted approaches to calculating a VaR measure and presents them in a clearly explained fashion with supporting illustrations and completely worked-out examples." -from the Foreword by John F. Marshall, PhD, Principal, Marshall, Tucker & Associates, LLC "Measuring Market Risk with Value at Risk offers a much-needed intellectual bridge, a translation from the esoteric realm of mathematical finance to the domain of financial managers who seek guidance in applying developments from this important field of research as well as that of MBA-level graduate instruction. I believe the authors have done a commendable job of providing a carefully crafted, highly readable, and most useful work, and intend to recommend it to all those involved in business risk management applications." -Anthony F. Herbst, PhD, Professor of Finance and C.R. and D.S. Carter Chair, The University of Texas, El Paso and Founding editor of The Journal of Financial Engineering (1991-1998) "Finally there's a book that strikes a balance between rigor and application in the area of risk management in the banking industry. This innovative book is a MUST for both novices and professionals alike." -Robert P. Yuyuenyongwatana, PhD, Associate Professor of Finance, Cameron University "Measuring Market Risk with Value at Risk is one of the most complete discussions of this emerging topic in finance that I have seen. The authors develop a logical and rigorous framework for using VaR models, providing both historical references and analytical applications." -Kevin Wynne, PhD, Associate Professor of Finance, Lubin School of Business, Pace University


Mastering Value at Risk

Mastering Value at Risk
Author: Cormac Butler
Publisher: Financial Times/Prentice Hall
Total Pages: 264
Release: 1999
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780273637523

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Value at Risk (VAR) is rapidly emerging as the dominant methodology for estimating precisely how much money is at risk each day in the financial markets. This book provides an objective view of VAR, analyzing its pitfalls and benefits.


An Introduction to Value-at-Risk

An Introduction to Value-at-Risk
Author: Moorad Choudhry
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 194
Release: 2007-01-11
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0470033770

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The value-at-risk measurement methodology is a widely-used tool in financial market risk management. The fourth edition of Professor Moorad Choudhry’s benchmark reference text An Introduction to Value-at-Risk offers an accessible and reader-friendly look at the concept of VaR and its different estimation methods, and is aimed specifically at newcomers to the market or those unfamiliar with modern risk management practices. The author capitalises on his experience in the financial markets to present this concise yet in-depth coverage of VaR, set in the context of risk management as a whole. Topics covered include: Defining value-at-risk Variance-covariance methodology Monte Carlo simulation Portfolio VaR Credit risk and credit VaR Topics are illustrated with Bloomberg screens, worked examples, exercises and case studies. Related issues such as statistics, volatility and correlation are also introduced as necessary background for students and practitioners. This is essential reading for all those who require an introduction to financial market risk management and value-at-risk.


Value at Risk, 3rd Ed.

Value at Risk, 3rd Ed.
Author: Philippe Jorion
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
Total Pages: 624
Release: 2006-11-09
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0071736921

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Since its original publication, Value at Risk has become the industry standard in risk management. Now in its Third Edition, this international bestseller addresses the fundamental changes in the field that have occurred across the globe in recent years. Philippe Jorion provides the most current information needed to understand and implement VAR-as well as manage newer dimensions of financial risk. Featured updates include: An increased emphasis on operational risk Using VAR for integrated risk management and to measure economic capital Applications of VAR to risk budgeting in investment management Discussion of new risk-management techniques, including extreme value theory, principal components, and copulas Extensive coverage of the recently finalized Basel II capital adequacy rules for commercial banks, integrated throughout the book A major new feature of the Third Edition is the addition of short questions and exercises at the end of each chapter, making it even easier to check progress. Detailed answers are posted on the companion web site www.pjorion.com/var/. The web site contains other materials, including additional questions that course instructors can assign to their students. Jorion leaves no stone unturned, addressing the building blocks of VAR from computing and backtesting models to forecasting risk and correlations. He outlines the use of VAR to measure and control risk for trading, for investment management, and for enterprise-wide risk management. He also points out key pitfalls to watch out for in risk-management systems. The value-at-risk approach continues to improve worldwide standards for managing numerous types of risk. Now more than ever, professionals can depend on Value at Risk for comprehensive, authoritative counsel on VAR, its application, and its results-and to keep ahead of the curve.


Problems of Value At Risk - A Critical View

Problems of Value At Risk - A Critical View
Author: Alexander Melichar
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Total Pages: 37
Release: 2010-11-30
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3640761618

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Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject Business economics - Controlling, grade: 1,5, University of Innsbruck (Institut für Banken und Finanzen), course: Seminar SBWL Risk Management, language: English, abstract: This seminar paper is divided in the following chapters: 1. Definition of Value at Risk: What is VaR, several definitions of this figure. 2. The three common approaches for calculating Value at Risk: Historical simulation, Monte Carlo simulation, Variance-Covariance model. 3. The critical view: Problems and limitations of Value at Risk. Which approach can be meaningfully used and when not? Why is Value at Risk not the "only truth" in financial institutions? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the several approaches in calculating Value at Risk?


Financial Risk Forecasting

Financial Risk Forecasting
Author: Jon Danielsson
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 307
Release: 2011-04-20
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1119977118

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Financial Risk Forecasting is a complete introduction to practical quantitative risk management, with a focus on market risk. Derived from the authors teaching notes and years spent training practitioners in risk management techniques, it brings together the three key disciplines of finance, statistics and modeling (programming), to provide a thorough grounding in risk management techniques. Written by renowned risk expert Jon Danielsson, the book begins with an introduction to financial markets and market prices, volatility clusters, fat tails and nonlinear dependence. It then goes on to present volatility forecasting with both univatiate and multivatiate methods, discussing the various methods used by industry, with a special focus on the GARCH family of models. The evaluation of the quality of forecasts is discussed in detail. Next, the main concepts in risk and models to forecast risk are discussed, especially volatility, value-at-risk and expected shortfall. The focus is both on risk in basic assets such as stocks and foreign exchange, but also calculations of risk in bonds and options, with analytical methods such as delta-normal VaR and duration-normal VaR and Monte Carlo simulation. The book then moves on to the evaluation of risk models with methods like backtesting, followed by a discussion on stress testing. The book concludes by focussing on the forecasting of risk in very large and uncommon events with extreme value theory and considering the underlying assumptions behind almost every risk model in practical use – that risk is exogenous – and what happens when those assumptions are violated. Every method presented brings together theoretical discussion and derivation of key equations and a discussion of issues in practical implementation. Each method is implemented in both MATLAB and R, two of the most commonly used mathematical programming languages for risk forecasting with which the reader can implement the models illustrated in the book. The book includes four appendices. The first introduces basic concepts in statistics and financial time series referred to throughout the book. The second and third introduce R and MATLAB, providing a discussion of the basic implementation of the software packages. And the final looks at the concept of maximum likelihood, especially issues in implementation and testing. The book is accompanied by a website - www.financialriskforecasting.com – which features downloadable code as used in the book.


Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science

Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science
Author: Saul I. Gass
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 774
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1461304598

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Operations Research: 1934-1941," 35, 1, 143-152; "British The goal of the Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Operational Research in World War II," 35, 3, 453-470; Management Science is to provide to decision makers and "U. S. Operations Research in World War II," 35, 6, 910-925; problem solvers in business, industry, government and and the 1984 article by Harold Lardner that appeared in academia a comprehensive overview of the wide range of Operations Research: "The Origin of Operational Research," ideas, methodologies, and synergistic forces that combine to 32, 2, 465-475. form the preeminent decision-aiding fields of operations re search and management science (OR/MS). To this end, we The Encyclopedia contains no entries that define the fields enlisted a distinguished international group of academics of operations research and management science. OR and MS and practitioners to contribute articles on subjects for are often equated to one another. If one defines them by the which they are renowned. methodologies they employ, the equation would probably The editors, working with the Encyclopedia's Editorial stand inspection. If one defines them by their historical Advisory Board, surveyed and divided OR/MS into specific developments and the classes of problems they encompass, topics that collectively encompass the foundations, applica the equation becomes fuzzy. The formalism OR grew out of tions, and emerging elements of this ever-changing field. We the operational problems of the British and U. s. military also wanted to establish the close associations that OR/MS efforts in World War II.


Evaluation of Value at Risk Models

Evaluation of Value at Risk Models
Author: P.A. Naidu
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
Total Pages: 140
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN: 9783659483769

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This book gives an overview of evaluation of the most widespread Value at Risk (VaR)Models in use in most of risk management departments across the financial industry.Value at Risk (VaR) has become the standard measure that financial analysts use to quantify market risk. VaR is defined as the maximum potential change in value of a portfolio of financial instruments with a given probability over a certain horizon. VaR measures can have many applications, such as in risk management, to evaluate the performance of risk takers and for regulatory requirements, and hence it is very important to develop methodologies that provide accurate estimates.The main objective of this book is to survey the most popular univariate VaR methodologies, paying particular attention to their underlying assumptions. The great popularity that this instrument has achieved is essentially due to its conceptual simplicity: VaR reduces the (market) risk associated with any portfolio to just one number, the loss associated to a given probability. VaR can also be applied to governance of endowments, trusts, and pension plans. Essentially trustees adopt portfolio VaR metrics for the entire pooled account.


The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report

The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report
Author: Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
Publisher: Cosimo, Inc.
Total Pages: 692
Release: 2011-05-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1616405414

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The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, published by the U.S. Government and the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in early 2011, is the official government report on the United States financial collapse and the review of major financial institutions that bankrupted and failed, or would have without help from the government. The commission and the report were implemented after Congress passed an act in 2009 to review and prevent fraudulent activity. The report details, among other things, the periods before, during, and after the crisis, what led up to it, and analyses of subprime mortgage lending, credit expansion and banking policies, the collapse of companies like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the federal bailouts of Lehman and AIG. It also discusses the aftermath of the fallout and our current state. This report should be of interest to anyone concerned about the financial situation in the U.S. and around the world.THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INQUIRY COMMISSION is an independent, bi-partisan, government-appointed panel of 10 people that was created to "examine the causes, domestic and global, of the current financial and economic crisis in the United States." It was established as part of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009. The commission consisted of private citizens with expertise in economics and finance, banking, housing, market regulation, and consumer protection. They examined and reported on "the collapse of major financial institutions that failed or would have failed if not for exceptional assistance from the government."News Dissector DANNY SCHECHTER is a journalist, blogger and filmmaker. He has been reporting on economic crises since the 1980's when he was with ABC News. His film In Debt We Trust warned of the economic meltdown in 2006. He has since written three books on the subject including Plunder: Investigating Our Economic Calamity (Cosimo Books, 2008), and The Crime Of Our Time: Why Wall Street Is Not Too Big to Jail (Disinfo Books, 2011), a companion to his latest film Plunder The Crime Of Our Time. He can be reached online at www.newsdissector.com.