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| Author | : Julián Messina |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 226 |
| Release | : 2017-12-28 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1464810400 |
Download Wage Inequality in Latin America Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
What caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. The answer to the fi rst question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage diff erences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom. Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that the economic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so—but it might not actually reverse the region’s movement toward less wage inequality.
| Author | : Julián Messina |
| Publisher | : Latin American Development For |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9781464810398 |
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This report seeks to explain the over-time trends in wage inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) since the mid-1990s. It explains how wage inequality has been associated with household-income inequality in LAC in the past decades, and discusses how labor-supply and labour-demand trends have affected wage inequality.The Latin American region achieved something truly remarkable during the 2000s: it sustained vigorous economic growth with declining inequality. Other regions in the world grew strongly during this period, but this growth was not shared equitably. However, lower commodity prices and slower growth in China have reduced Latin America's growth prospects in recent years. At the same time, inequality reduction has halted in many countries. As the new low-growth scenario hits labor markets, it is important to ask whether the social gains of the 2000s can be sustained. Will lower wage growth occur across all segments of the wage distribution in Latin America, or will the slowdown disproportionately hurt those who have less? Will the economic slowdown put the brakes on the reduction of wage inequality in Latin America? To answer these forward-looking questions and to know what to expect, it is essential to understand the causes of the observed changes in wage inequality in the past decades, which is the focus of this research project.
| Author | : Giovanni Andrea Cornia |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 402 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 0198701802 |
Download Falling Inequality in Latin America Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
"A study prepared by the United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)
| Author | : Luis Bértola |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 419 |
| Release | : 2017-01-25 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 3319446215 |
Download Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book brings together a range of ideas and theories to arrive at a deeper understanding of inequality in Latin America and its complex realities. To so, it addresses questions such as: What are the origins of inequality in Latin America? How can we create societies that are more equal in terms of income distribution, gender equality and opportunities? How can we remedy the social divide that is making Latin America one of the most unequal regions on earth? What are the roles played by market forces, institutions and ideology in terms of inequality? In this book, a group of global experts gathered by the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), part of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), show readers how various types of inequality, such as economical, educational, racial and gender inequality have been practiced in countries like Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico and many others through the centuries. Presenting new ideas, new evidence, and new methods, the book subsequently analyzes how to move forward with second-generation reforms that lay the foundations for more egalitarian societies. As such, it offers a valuable and insightful guide for development economists, historians and Latin American specialists alike, as well as students, educators, policymakers and all citizens with an interest in development, inequality and the Latin American region.
| Author | : Ewout Frankema |
| Publisher | : BRILL |
| Total Pages | : 313 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 9004175911 |
Download Has Latin America Always Been Unequal? Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The forces of industrialisation, urbanisation, globalisation and technological change have washed away the pre-modern outlook of most Latin American economies. Despite the improved opportunities of social mobility offered by economic modernisation, current income inequality levels (still) appear extraordinary high. Has Latin America always been unequal? Did the region fail to settle a longstanding account with its colonial past? Or should we be reluctant to point our finger so far back in time? In a comparative study of asset and income distribution Frankema shows that both the levels, and nature, of income inequality have changed significantly since 1870. Besides the deep historical roots of land and educational inequality, more recent demographic and political-institutional forces are taken on board to understand Latin America s distributive dynamics in the long twentieth century.
| Author | : Evelyne Huber |
| Publisher | : University of Chicago Press |
| Total Pages | : 363 |
| Release | : 2012-09-01 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 0226356558 |
Download Democracy and the Left Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Although inequality in Latin America ranks among the worst in the world, it has notably declined over the last decade, offset by improvements in health care and education, enhanced programs for social assistance, and increases in the minimum wage. In Democracy and the Left, Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens argue that the resurgence of democracy in Latin America is key to this change. In addition to directly affecting public policy, democratic institutions enable left-leaning political parties to emerge, significantly influencing the allocation of social spending on poverty and inequality. But while democracy is an important determinant of redistributive change, it is by no means the only factor. Drawing on a wealth of data, Huber and Stephens present quantitative analyses of eighteen countries and comparative historical analyses of the five most advanced social policy regimes in Latin America, showing how international power structures have influenced the direction of their social policy. They augment these analyses by comparing them to the development of social policy in democratic Portugal and Spain. The most ambitious examination of the development of social policy in Latin America to date, Democracy and the Left shows that inequality is far from intractable—a finding with crucial policy implications worldwide.
| Author | : Mr. Ravi Balakrishnan |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 123 |
| Release | : 2021-04-26 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484326091 |
Download Commodity Cycles, Inequality, and Poverty in Latin America Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Over the past decades, inequality has risen not just in advanced economies but also in many emerging market and developing economies, becoming one of the key global policy challenges. And throughout the 20th century, Latin America was associated with some of the world’s highest levels of inequality. Yet something interesting happened in the first decade and a half of the 21st century. Latin America was the only region in the World to have experienced significant declines in inequality in that period. Poverty also fell in Latin America, although this was replicated in other regions, and Latin America started from a relatively low base. Starting around 2014, however, and even before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, poverty and inequality gains had already slowed in Latin America and, in some cases, gone into reverse. And the COVID-19 shock, which is still playing out, is likely to dramatically worsen short-term poverty and inequality dynamics. Against this background, this departmental paper investigates the link between commodity prices, and poverty and inequality developments in Latin America.
| Author | : Ewout Frankema |
| Publisher | : BRILL |
| Total Pages | : 312 |
| Release | : 2009-06-02 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9047429354 |
Download Has Latin America Always Been Unequal? Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The forces of industrialisation, urbanisation, globalisation and technological change have washed away the pre-modern outlook of most Latin American economies. Despite the improved opportunities of social mobility offered by economic modernisation, current income inequality levels (still) appear extraordinary high. Has Latin America always been unequal? Did the region fail to settle a longstanding account with its colonial past? Or should we be reluctant to point our finger so far back in time? In a comparative study of asset and income distribution Frankema shows that both the levels, and nature, of income inequality have changed significantly since 1870. Besides the deep historical roots of land and educational inequality, more recent demographic and political-institutional forces are taken on board to understand Latin America’s distributive dynamics in the long twentieth century.
| Author | : Luis Felipe Lopez-Calva |
| Publisher | : Rowman & Littlefield |
| Total Pages | : 265 |
| Release | : 2010-08-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 0815704445 |
Download Declining Inequality in Latin America Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
A Brookings Institution Press and United Nations Development Programme publication Latin America is often singled out for its high and persistent income inequality. Toward the end of the 1990s, however, income concentration began to fall across the region. Of the seventeen countries for which comparable data are available, twelve have experienced a decline, particularly since 2000. This book is among the first efforts to understand what happened in these countries and why. Led by editors Felipe López-Calva and Nora Lustig, a panel of distinguished economists undertakes in-depth analyses of Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. In addition, they provide essential background in the form of overviews of the relationship between markets and inequality, the political economy of redistribution, and the evolution of income inequality in the advanced industrialized economies. Two factors account for much of the decline in inequality: a decrease in the wage gap between skilled and low-skilled labor, and an increase in government transfers targeted to the poor. Thanks to the timeliness and sophistication of these essays, Declining Inequality in Latin America is likely to become a standard reference in its field.
| Author | : Lena Simet |
| Publisher | : Routledge |
| Total Pages | : 225 |
| Release | : 2022-04-19 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1000569640 |
Download Cities and Economic Inequality in Latin America Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book examines trends and determinants of economic inequality in cities in Latin America, the world’s most unequal region. It explores how the gap between the haves and the have nots manifests in every part of urban life – from housing to schooling to employment. It asks why some cities have higher inequality than others and what we can learn from these differences as we push back against inequality. The book starts with reviewing the policies and forces that explain the rise and fall of inequality in Latin America since the 1990s and why progress in reducing inequality has stalled. It then focuses on Argentina’s cities and applies a set of quantitative tools to identify inequality determinants. It finds that intra-urban inequality generally mirrors national-level trends, but local idiosyncrasies related to a city’s labor market, informal employment, and social protection systems matter. The book discusses the pitfalls of privatizing public services that turned access to water in metropolitan Buenos Aires more unequal. It explores the promises and unintended consequences of slum upgrading initiatives in Buenos Aires’ Villa 20. The book presents lessons that can inform policies and practices in the region and beyond. Developing a strategy against inequality that incorporates local features and resists the temptation to rely on the "free market" for solutions to urban problems offers a powerful opportunity. Drawing from the field of economics and social and urban policy, this book shows that the battle against inequality is not only won and lost in cities but also requires a uniquely public and urban response. As such, it will be of interest to advanced students, researchers, and policymakers across development economics, urban studies, and Latin American studies.
