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Inside Solid State Drives (SSDs)

Inside Solid State Drives (SSDs)
Author: Rino Micheloni
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 391
Release: 2012-10-15
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9400751451

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Solid State Drives (SSDs) are gaining momentum in enterprise and client applications, replacing Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) by offering higher performance and lower power. In the enterprise, developers of data center server and storage systems have seen CPU performance growing exponentially for the past two decades, while HDD performance has improved linearly for the same period. Additionally, multi-core CPU designs and virtualization have increased randomness of storage I/Os. These trends have shifted performance bottlenecks to enterprise storage systems. Business critical applications such as online transaction processing, financial data processing and database mining are increasingly limited by storage performance. In client applications, small mobile platforms are leaving little room for batteries while demanding long life out of them. Therefore, reducing both idle and active power consumption has become critical. Additionally, client storage systems are in need of significant performance improvement as well as supporting small robust form factors. Ultimately, client systems are optimizing for best performance/power ratio as well as performance/cost ratio. SSDs promise to address both enterprise and client storage requirements by drastically improving performance while at the same time reducing power. Inside Solid State Drives walks the reader through all the main topics related to SSDs: from NAND Flash to memory controller (hardware and software), from I/O interfaces (PCIe/SAS/SATA) to reliability, from error correction codes (BCH and LDPC) to encryption, from Flash signal processing to hybrid storage. We hope you enjoy this tour inside Solid State Drives.


Inside Solid State Drives (SSDs)

Inside Solid State Drives (SSDs)
Author: Rino Micheloni
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 495
Release: 2018-07-11
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9811305994

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The revised second edition of this respected text provides a state-of-the-art overview of the main topics relating to solid state drives (SSDs), covering NAND flash memories, memory controllers (including booth hardware and software), I/O interfaces (PCIe/SAS/SATA), reliability, error correction codes (BCH and LDPC), encryption, flash signal processing and hybrid storage. Updated throughout to include all recent work in the field, significant changes for the new edition include: A new chapter on flash memory errors and data recovery procedures in SSDs for reliability and lifetime improvement Updated coverage of SSD Architecture and PCI Express Interfaces moving from PCIe Gen3 to PCIe Gen4 and including a section on NVMe over fabric (NVMf) An additional section on 3D flash memories An update on standard reliability procedures for SSDs Expanded coverage of BCH for SSDs, with a specific section on detection A new section on non-binary Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes, the most recent advancement in the field A description of randomization in the protection of SSD data against attacks, particularly relevant to 3D architectures The SSD market is booming, with many industries placing a huge effort in this space, spending billions of dollars in R&D and product development. Moreover, flash manufacturers are now moving to 3D architectures, thus enabling an even higher level of storage capacity. This book takes the reader through the fundamentals and brings them up to speed with the most recent developments in the field, and is suitable for advanced students, researchers and engineers alike.


Understanding Solid State Drives

Understanding Solid State Drives
Author: Bertram Underwood
Publisher: Independently Published
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023-08-04
Genre:
ISBN:

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Unravel the mysteries of Hard Disk Drives' sleeker, faster and more robust counterpart with "Understanding Solid State Drives: The Future of Storage". Penned by the seasoned technology journalist and digital storage expert, Bertram Underwood, this essential guide simplifies the intricate world of Solid State Drives (SSDs). The exhaustive yet engaging account expounds on the emergence of SSDs and their transformational journey from Hard Disk Drives. It navigates readers through the technical intricacies, components, and internal workings of SSDs, minus the techno-babble. Get gripping insights into the evident benefits of SSDs, including their game-changing speed and unparalleled durability. Discover the various types and sizes of SSDs and interface options, as well as an overview of data recovery. Further, the report offers a glimpse into the significant role SSDs play in enhancing gaming experiences and their crucial enterprise applications. Lastly, dive into the exciting innovations and future trends in SSD technology. Whether you're a tech enthusiast eager to expand your knowledge or a casual user seeking to keep up with tech trends, "Understanding Solid State Drives: The Future of Storage" is your gateway into the untapped potential of SSDs. Join Bertram Underwood as he envisions the future of storage, providing a compelling case for why SSDs are stepping into the limelight as the data storage solution of tomorrow.


Solid-State-Drives (SSDs) Modeling

Solid-State-Drives (SSDs) Modeling
Author: Rino Micheloni
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 177
Release: 2017-03-28
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 331951735X

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This book introduces simulation tools and strategies for complex systems of solid-state-drives (SSDs) which consist of a flash multi-core microcontroller plus NAND flash memories. It provides a broad overview of the most popular simulation tools, with special focus on open source solutions. VSSIM, NANDFlashSim and DiskSim are benchmarked against performances of real SSDs under different traffic workloads. PROs and CONs of each simulator are analyzed, and it is clearly indicated which kind of answers each of them can give and at a what price. It is explained, that speed and precision do not go hand in hand, and it is important to understand when to simulate what, and with which tool. Being able to simulate SSD’s performances is mandatory to meet time-to-market, together with product cost and quality. Over the last few years the authors developed an advanced simulator named “SSDExplorer” which has been used to evaluate multiple phenomena with great accuracy, from QoS (Quality Of Service) to Read Retry, from LDPC Soft Information to power, from Flash aging to FTL. SSD simulators are also addressed in a broader context in this book, i.e. the analysis of what happens when SSDs are connected to the OS (Operating System) and to the end-user application (for example, a database search). The authors walk the reader through the full simulation flow of a real system-level by combining SSD Explorer with the QEMU virtual platform. The reader will be impressed by the level of know-how and the combination of models that such simulations are asking for.


Understanding Solid State Physics

Understanding Solid State Physics
Author: Sharon Ann Holgate
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 425
Release: 2021-04-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1000337596

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Keeping the mathematics to a minimum yet losing none of the required rigor, Understanding Solid State Physics, Second Edition clearly explains basic physics principles to provide a firm grounding in the subject. This new edition has been fully updated throughout, with recent developments and literature in the field, including graphene and the use of quasicrystalline materials, in addition to featuring new journalistic boxes and the reciprocal lattice. The author underscores the technological applications of the physics discussed and emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of scientific research. After introducing students to solid state physics, the text examines the various ways in which atoms bond together to form crystalline and amorphous solids. It also describes the measurement of mechanical properties and the means by which the mechanical properties of solids can be altered or supplemented for particular applications. The author discusses how electromagnetic radiation interacts with the periodic array of atoms that make up a crystal and how solids react to heat on both atomic and macroscopic scales. She then focuses on conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and superconductors, including some basic semiconductor devices. The final chapter addresses the magnetic properties of solids as well as applications of magnets and magnetism. This accessible textbook provides a useful introduction to solid state physics for undergraduates who feel daunted by a highly mathematical approach. By relating the theories and concepts to practical applications, it shows how physics is used in the real world. Key features: Fully updated throughout, with new journalistic boxes and recent applications Uses an accessible writing style and format, offering journalistic accounts of interesting research, worked examples, self-test questions, and a helpful glossary of frequently used terms Highlights various technological applications of physics, from locomotive lights to medical scanners to USB flash drives


Operating Systems

Operating Systems
Author: Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Total Pages: 714
Release: 2018-09
Genre: Operating systems (Computers)
ISBN: 9781985086593

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"This book is organized around three concepts fundamental to OS construction: virtualization (of CPU and memory), concurrency (locks and condition variables), and persistence (disks, RAIDS, and file systems"--Back cover.


Inside NAND Flash Memories

Inside NAND Flash Memories
Author: Rino Micheloni
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 582
Release: 2010-07-27
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9048194318

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Digital photography, MP3, digital video, etc. make extensive use of NAND-based Flash cards as storage media. To realize how much NAND Flash memories pervade every aspect of our life, just imagine how our recent habits would change if the NAND memories suddenly disappeared. To take a picture it would be necessary to find a film (as well as a traditional camera...), disks or even magnetic tapes would be used to record a video or to listen a song, and a cellular phone would return to be a simple mean of communication rather than a multimedia console. The development of NAND Flash memories will not be set down on the mere evolution of personal entertainment systems since a new killer application can trigger a further success: the replacement of Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) with Solid State Drives (SSDs). SSD is made up by a microcontroller and several NANDs. As NAND is the technology driver for IC circuits, Flash designers and technologists have to deal with a lot of challenges. Therefore, SSD (system) developers must understand Flash technology in order to exploit its benefits and countermeasure its weaknesses. Inside NAND Flash Memories is a comprehensive guide of the NAND world: from circuits design (analog and digital) to Flash reliability (including radiation effects), from testing issues to high-performance (DDR) interface, from error correction codes to NAND applications like Flash cards and SSDs.


Understanding Performance Impact of Unaligned Writes in Solid State Disks

Understanding Performance Impact of Unaligned Writes in Solid State Disks
Author: Abu-Zafar-Md-Nuruzzaman Abir
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2020
Genre: Solid state electronics
ISBN:

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NAND-flash based solid-state disks (SSDs) are replacing the hard-disk drives (HDDs) in various storage systems from high-end servers in data centers to mobile computers. Due to the architectural nature of SSDs, performance-sensitive applications may generate a large number of unaligned writes on SSDs, causing many issues (e.g. chip congestion, sub-request blocking, chip load imbalance, and write space amplification). The proposed design and implementation of Partial Congestion aware LRU Algorithm (PC-LRU) for Write Buffer Management significantly alleviate the side-effects of unaligned writes in solid-state disks. This technique prioritizes the eviction of fully-filled pages over partially-filled pages in write buffers to circumvent write amplification. The advantages of using PC-LRU have been demonstrated by modifying a trace-driven simulator, SSDSim. For the three I/O workloads, PC-LRU reduces the I/O latency by 9.5% on average.


Organizing for the Digital World

Organizing for the Digital World
Author: Federico Cabitza
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 264
Release: 2018-08-20
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 3319905031

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This book argues that “organizing” is a broader term than managing, as it entails understanding how people and machines interact with each other; how resources, data, goods are exchanged in complex and intertwined value chains; and how lines of action and activities can be articulated using flexible protocols and often ad-hoc processes in situated practices of use and production. The book presents a collection of research papers shedding new light on these phenomena and related practices from both academic and professional perspectives. Given the plurality of views that it offers, the book makes a relevant contribution to the understanding and appreciation of the complexity of the digital world at various levels of granularity. It focuses on how individuals, communities and the coopetitive societies of our new, global and hyperconnected world produce value and pursue their objectives and ideals in mutually dependent ways. The content of the book is based on a selection of the best papers - original double-blind peer-reviewed contributions - presented at the annual conference of the Italian chapter of the AIS, which was held in Milan, Italy in October 2017.