Understanding Factors That Influence Pre Exposure Prophylaxis Efficacy For Hiv 1 Prevention PDF Download
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| Author | : Pamela M. Murnane |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 81 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Understanding Factors that Influence Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Efficacy for HIV-1 Prevention Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising new HIV-1 prevention strategy, with demonstrated efficacy from four randomized clinical trials. However, two trials of PrEP, both among heterosexual African women, did not find efficacy for protection against HIV-1. While adherence to PrEP has been proposed as the primary driver of the range of results across trials, other factors warrant investigation. This dissertation work contributes to our understanding of behavioral and biological factors that influence the effectiveness of PrEP and aims to inform PrEP implementation strategies. This dissertation was conducted within the Partners PrEP Study, a placebo-controlled, randomized trial of daily oral PrEP among 4747 heterosexual HIV-1 serodiscordant couples (one partner is infected with HIV-1 and the other partner is uninfected) in Kenya and Uganda which demonstrated high efficacy for two daily oral PrEP regimens, tenofovir alone and co-formulated tenofovir-emtricitabine. In a series of secondary analyses of data from the Partners PrEP Study, we evaluated the effect of PrEP among high-risk subgroups to determine whether efficacy was sustained in the context of high HIV exposure, we estimated the causal effect of PrEP when adherence was estimated to be high by applying multiple methods to correct for non-adherence in randomized trials, and we assessed whether PrEP adversely impacted hormonal contraceptive effectiveness for pregnancy prevention, as young women are a priority population for HIV prevention. The work presented here supports the hypothesis that the key driver of divergent PrEP trial results was adherence, and indicates that oral PrEP is highly effective for women and men, reducing HIV-1 risk by over 80% when estimated to have been used with high adherence. These analyses contribute to a more nuanced understanding of how PrEP works and inform guidelines for initiating PrEP among persons at risk of HIV-1 acquisition.
| Author | : King K. Holmes |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 1027 |
| Release | : 2017-11-06 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1464805253 |
Download Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
| Author | : Matthias Gotte |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2018-02-12 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9781493906932 |
Download Handbook of Antimicrobial Resistance Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
While many volumes have been written about various aspects of antimicrobial resistance, this book is a comprehensive reference work. All manifestations of resistance are addressed: viral; bacterial, parasitical and fungal are given dedicated sections. The underlining molecular mechanisms, which depend not only on the microbe but on the specific drug (target), are highly diverse. This work discusses and compares the biological, biochemical and structural aspects of resistance and its evolution.
| Author | : Whitney Chivonne Sewell |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 195 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : Electronic dissertations |
| ISBN | : |
Download Individual and Social Network Influences on Potential Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention Among Adult Black Women Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Oral daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a single tablet that is >90% effective in reducing HIV transmission among women. Despite evidence of PrEP's efficacy and safety, levels of awareness, prescription, and uptake of PrEP among Black women are disproportionately low. There is evidence suggesting that the influence of peers and sexual partners in the social networks of Black women are potential facilitators and barriers to the intent to use PrEP. However, there has been limited study examining how these individual and social network level factors influence the intent to use PrEP in this population. This dissertation collected used survey data from Black women, aged 18-44, to conduct advanced statistical analysis, including social network analysis, to identify critical individual and network level factors that influence PrEP uptake. This study found strong associations between PrEP support from sexual partners and healthcare providers and intent to use PrEP in this sample. This study builds upon existing research on PrEP and women by contributing to discussions about the importance of social connections in making the decision to engage in PrEP care and services.
| Author | : Sarah Bernays |
| Publisher | : Springer Nature |
| Total Pages | : 305 |
| Release | : 2021-07-26 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 303069819X |
Download Remaking HIV Prevention in the 21st Century Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This edited collection brings together the social dimensions of three key aspects of recent biomedical advance in HIV research: Treatment as Prevention (TasP), new technologies such as Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), and the Undetectable equals Untransmittable (U=U) movement. The growth of new forms of biomedical HIV prevention has created hope for the future, signalling the possibility of a world without AIDS. In this context, the volume discusses the profound social, political and ethical dilemmas raised by such advances, which are to do with readiness, access, equity and availability. It examines how HIV prevention has been, and is, re-framed in policy, practice and research, and asks: How best can new biomedical technologies be made available in a profoundly unequal world? What new understandings of responsibility and risk will emerge as HIV becomes a more manageable condition? What new forms of blame will emerge in a context where the technologies to prevent HIV exist, but are not always used? How best can we balance public health’s concern for adherence and compliance with the rights of individuals to decide on what is best for themselves and others? Few of these questions have thus far received serious consideration in the academic literature. The editors, all leaders in the social aspects of HIV, have brought together an innovative and international collection of essays by top thinkers and practitioners in the field of HIV. This book is an important resource for academics and professionals interested in HIV research. Chapters "Anticipating Policy, Orienting Services, Celebrating Provision: Reflecting on Scotland’s PrEP Journey", "How the science of HIV treatment-as-prevention restructured PEPFAR’s strategy: The case for scaling up ART in ‘epidemic control’ countries", "Stigma and confidentiality indiscretions: Intersecting obstacles to the delivery of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to adolescent girls and young women in east Zimbabwe" and "The drive to take an HIV test in rural Uganda: a risk to prevention for young people?" are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
| Author | : Ralph J. DiClemente |
| Publisher | : SAGE Publications, Incorporated |
| Total Pages | : 102 |
| Release | : 1992-07-06 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : |
Download Adolescents and AIDS Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
There hasn't been a resource to inform readers about the HIV risk confronting our adolescent population--until now! In Adolescents and AIDS, leading researchers in health, medicine, sociology, and psychology describe the risks to this vulnerable population. Divided into three parts (epidemiology, prevention/risk reduction, and policy), this comprehensive book addresses not only adolescents in general, but includes specific chapters on high-risk populations such as minority, incarcerated and homeless youth. The authors explore the data and theoretical underpinnings necessary for designing and implementing effective risk-reduction and prevention programs by approaching the AIDS epidemic as a social and developmental crisis that adolescents are ill-prepared to address. While proposing appropriate theoretical models for behavior change, the book also evaluates the effectiveness of various intervention strategies ranging from school-based programs to mass-media approaches and offers public policy recommendations for intervening for this population. Health professionals, researchers, policy analysts, clinicians, counselors, and students will find this timely text a valuable resource.
| Author | : World Health Organization |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 429 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : AIDS (Disease) |
| ISBN | : 9789241549684 |
Download Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.
| Author | : Tomas J. Philipson |
| Publisher | : Harvard University Press |
| Total Pages | : 290 |
| Release | : 1993 |
| Genre | : AIDS (Disease) |
| ISBN | : 9780674707382 |
Download Private Choices and Public Health Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
An economics professor and a federal judge point out that engaging in unprotected sex is a dangerous but pleasurable activity, like downhill skiing and mountain climbing, and that people weigh the risks and benefits when deciding whether or not to do it. The people setting up public health measures to combat the spread of AIDS, they say, are not taking this informed and often rational decision-making into account. Therefore, their predictions are off and their information campaigns are not only in effective, but may well be encouraging the disease's spread. They also look at the cost and benefits of research and education for the society as a whole. The book is bound to be controversial. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
| Author | : Geetha Beauchamp |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2022 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Understanding the Influence of Socio-ecological Factors on Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Africa Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) have one of the highest global HIV incidence rates despite increased access to highly effective oral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for prevention, HIV testing, and linkage-to-care/viral suppression among men. Inconsistent PrEP adherence undermines PrEP benefits for AGYW. Qualitative research suggests that barriers to PrEP adherence include fear of disclosure of PrEP use, stigma, provider distrust, and poor social support. A reliable tool for predicting AGYW’s “PrEP readiness” would help identify who could benefit from greater PrEP adherence support. An improved understanding of the pathways affecting AGYW’s adherence is crucial to advancing adherence strategies. This research used data from the open-label HPTN 082 study conducted among AGYW (ages16-25 years) in South Africa and Zimbabwe. The HIV Prevention Readiness Measure (HPRM) questionnaire was adapted from the validated HIV Treatment Readiness Measure, which predicted viral suppression in HIV-positive youth in the U.S. The HPRM was administered to HPTN 082 participants at enrollment and again three months later. The aims of this research were to 1) evaluate the psychometric properties and the utility of the HPRM to predict PrEP adherence; 2) investigate the association between PrEP disclosure and adherence and whether it was moderated by social support and mediated through PrEP support; and 3) assess whether mistrust in the study team was associated with discordance between patient-reported PrEP adherence and an objective biomarker of PrEP adherence, intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate drug concentrations. The findings were: 1) overall HPRM score and the three subscales (self-efficacy, disclosure of PrEP use, and social support) are reliable and predicted increased PrEP adherence; and disclosure of PrEP use increased the odds of persistent adherence; 2) AGYW with supportive adults in their life and disclosed PrEP use to their parents had higher adherence; and 3) AGYW who expressed high trust in their providers had higher odds of both high self-reported and drug level measures of PrEP adherence. The research makes three significant contributions to improving PrEP delivery: 1) HPRM as a tool to assess PrEP readiness and focus adherence support on AGYW who have low self-efficacy, low social support, and no plans for disclosing PrEP use; 2) supporting AGYW to consider disclosing their PrEP use to the supportive adults in their lives; and 3) in provider PrEP training, discuss the importance of AGYW’s trust in their provider as essential to improving AGYW reporting actual PrEP use.
| Author | : Richard A. Crosby |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 384 |
| Release | : 2018-10-26 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0190930802 |
Download Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
A COMPREHENSIVE NEW REFERENCE WORK ON STRUCTURAL APPROACHES TO PREVENTING HIV Structural interventions -- changes to environment aimed at influencing health behaviors -- are the most universal and cost-effective tool in preventing new incidences of HIV. They are not easy to get right, however. Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention offers an authoritative reference for both understanding these programs and instituting them to greatest effect. Whether through changes to policy, environment, social/community norms, or a combination of each, this volume offers actionable and attainable blueprints to creating and evaluating programs in any setting or country. It is an essential resource for researchers and practitioners in the continuing fights against HIV.
