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Uncertainty, Financial Frictions, and Investment Dynamics

Uncertainty, Financial Frictions, and Investment Dynamics
Author: Simon Gilchrist
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2014
Genre: Economics
ISBN:

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Micro- and macro-level evidence indicates that fluctuations in idiosyncratic uncertainty have a large effect on investment; the impact of uncertainty on investment occurs primarily through changes in credit spreads; and innovations in credit spreads have a strong effect on investment, irrespective of the level of uncertainty. These findings raise a question regarding the economic significance of the traditional "wait-and-see" effect of uncertainty shocks and point to financial distortions as the main mechanism through which fluctuations in uncertainty affect macroeconomic outcomes. The relative importance of these two mechanisms is analyzed within a quantitative general equilibrium model, featuring heterogeneous firms that face time-varying idiosyncratic uncertainty, irreversibility, nonconvex capital adjustment costs, and financial frictions. The model successfully replicates the stylized facts concerning the macroeconomic implications of uncertainty and financial shocks. By influencing the effective supply of credit, both types of shocks exert a powerful effect on investment and generate countercyclical credit spreads and procyclical leverage, dynamics consistent with the data and counter to those implied by the technology-driven real business cycle models.


Uncertainty, Financial Frictions and Nominal Rigidities: A Quantitative Investigation

Uncertainty, Financial Frictions and Nominal Rigidities: A Quantitative Investigation
Author: Ambrogio Cesa-Bianchi
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 45
Release: 2017-09-29
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1484324013

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Are uncertainty shocks a major source of business cycle fluctuations? This paper studies the effect of a mean preserving shock to the variance of aggregate total factor productivity (macro uncertainty) and to the dispersion of entrepreneurs' idiosyncratic productivity (micro uncertainty) in a financial accelerator DSGE model with sticky prices. It explores the different mechanisms through which uncertainty shocks are propagated and amplified. The time series properties of macro and micro uncertainty are estimated using U.S. aggregate and firm-level data, respectively. While surprise increases in micro uncertainty have a larger impact on output than macro uncertainty, these account for a small (non-trivial) share of output volatility.


The Finance Uncertainty Multiplier

The Finance Uncertainty Multiplier
Author: Iván Alfaro
Publisher:
Total Pages: 50
Release: 2018
Genre: Capital investments
ISBN:

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We show how real and financial frictions amplify the impact of uncertainty shocks. We build a model with real frictions, and find adding financial frictions roughly doubles the impact of uncertainty shocks. Higher uncertainty alongside financial frictions induces the standard real-options effects on investment and hiring, but also leads firms to hoard cash, further reducing investment and hiring. We then test the model using a panel of US firms and a novel instrumentation strategy for uncertainty exploiting differential firm exposure to exchange rate and price volatility. These results highlight why in periods with greater financial frictions uncertainty can be particularly damaging.


Aggregate Uncertainty and the Supply of Credit

Aggregate Uncertainty and the Supply of Credit
Author: Mr.Fabian Valencia
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 26
Release: 2013-12-02
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1475513933

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Recent studies show that uncertainty shocks have quantitatively important effects on the real economy. This paper examines one particular channel at work: the supply of credit. It presents a model in which a bank, even if managed by risk-neutral shareholders and subject to limited liability, can exhibit self-insurance, and thus loan supply contracts when uncertainty increases. This prediction is tested with the universe of U.S. commercial banks over the period 1984-2010. Identification of credit supply is achieved by looking at the differential response of banks according to their level of capitalization. Consistent with the theoretical predictions, increases in uncertainty reduce the supply of credit, more so for banks with lower levels of capitalization. These results are weaker for large banks, and are robust to controlling for the lending and capital channels of monetary policy, to different measures of uncertainty, and to breaking the dataset in subsamples. Quantitatively, uncertainty shocks are almost as important as monetary policy ones with regards to the effects on the supply of credit.


Uncertainty and Investment Dynamics

Uncertainty and Investment Dynamics
Author: Nick Bloom
Publisher:
Total Pages: 60
Release: 2006
Genre: Corporations
ISBN:

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This paper shows that, with (partial) irreversibility, higher uncertainty reduces the impact effect of demand shocks on investment. Uncertainty increases real option values making firms more cautious when investing or disinvesting. This is confirmed both numerically for a model with a rich mix of adjustment costs, time-varying uncertainty, and aggregation over investment decisions and time, and also empirically for a panel of manufacturing firms. These cautionary effects of uncertainty are large - going from the lower quartile to the upper quartile of the uncertainty distribution typically halves the first year investment response to demand shocks. This implies the responsiveness of firms to any given policy stimulus may be much lower in periods of high uncertainty, such as after major shocks like OPEC I and 9/11.


The Era of Uncertainty

The Era of Uncertainty
Author: Francois Trahan
Publisher: Wiley
Total Pages: 256
Release: 2011-08-09
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9781118027738

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Macroeconomic Investment Strategies for an Era of Economic Uncertainty “Over the years, François’ insightful analyses of the business cycle has led to market calls that have both benefitted investors on the upside and (more important to many) protected them from losses on the downside. François’ incredible track record in successfully interpreting the trends that can be found in leading indicators and other macroeconomic data have also led to his well deserved reputation as an expert in sector rotation - providing investors on both the long and short side of the market opportunities to profit from his ideas. In my opinion, his most important and influential macro prediction to date was his call in the middle of the last decade when he predicted that the worst housing crisis in American history would soon be upon us, and that it would have far-ranging implications for both the global economy and world financial markets.” From the foreword by Robert Doll, Vice Chairman & CIO of Global Equities, Blackrock Advisors, LLC “François Trahan is an insightful observer and student of market forces. His research has identified key drivers of stock market performance over decades in various cycles of inflation, credit growth, and economic developments. In his new book, François tries to sort out and explain for market participants the dynamics that brought us to this point and what he sees as the future path of economic and market developments. It is an essential read for anyone participating in or interested in the stock market.” Robert Soros, Chairman, Soros Fund Management “The Era of Uncertainty is terrific. It challenges conventional Wall Street wisdom, gives investors the necessary tools to successfully navigate the new world order and has policy prescriptions to get the U.S. economy on the right track.” Consuelo Mack, Anchor & Managing Editor, Consuelo Mack WealthTrack “Valuation is not everything. An important lesson from the global financial crisis is that macro matters. In The Era of Uncertainty, François Trahan and Katharine Krantz show how macroeconomic analysis can be incorporated into the investment process and provide a road map for investing in the difficult times ahead.” Edward Chancellor, Author of Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation and member of GMO's Asset Allocation team “François consistently sets a high bar for strategist and thought leaders in the markets, and I can safely say he’s done it yet again with this book. Always insightful, and willing to challenge the ‘stale’ thinking of the establishment on The Street, François' thoughts and analysis are appropriate for anyone who cares not only about markets, but the future of our world.” Jeff deGraaf, Chairman, Renaissance Macro Research, LLC With macro forces governing the post-credit crisis world, and most likely to remain dominant for some time to come, the power of the business cycle is once again in the spotlight. In this type of environment, stock picking will have far less impact on portfolio returns than getting the "big picture" right. And using the last twenty years as a playbook will prove costly to investors. The Era of Uncertainty provides a new way of thinking about investing in a dynamic, macro-driven world. In it, François Trahan and Katherine Krantz discuss the importance of macroeconomic perspectives in an unstable global economy. They go on to cover three possible future scenarios: inflation, deflation, or the middle ground. With each scenario the authors discusses the likely causes and consequences as well as the best strategies for investing profitably. Draws on the experiences of prior credit-driven deleveraging cycles to develop a dynamic framework for investing in an era of economic uncertainty Contains insights on the future of the financial industry Provides fascinating anecdotes from Trahan's time at Bear Stearns prior to its collapse and sale Includes interactive digital tool for users to determine investment strategies based on personal predictions If you intend on succeeding in today's economic environment you can't follow yesterday's investment strategies. The Era of Uncertainty reveals what it will take to make it in such a different market and how you can incorporate new strategies into your everyday investment endeavors. The book comes with an interactive digital tool allowing users to make their own predictions about the economic future and receive asset allocation and sector allocation advice.


Real and Financial Frictions and the Dynamic Properties of Physical Investment

Real and Financial Frictions and the Dynamic Properties of Physical Investment
Author: Jae Woong Sim
Publisher:
Total Pages: 508
Release: 2008
Genre:
ISBN:

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Abstract: This dissertation studies the dynamic properties of physical investment in a general equilibrium economy under various real and financial frictions. The first chapter studies plant-level irreversible investment in general equilibrium. I show that in contrast to previous studies, the irreversibility model fails to generate a smoother aggregate dynamics than a neoclassical benchmark and this conclusion is robust with respect to the level of uncertainty as long as the uncertainty level is time-invariant. This is because the consumption smoothing needs in general equilibrium destroy the value of waiting associated with the irreversibility. However, I find that when the uncertainty level itself fluctuates in the short run, the model generates a stronger incentive for waiting, thereby substantially modifying the basic properties of the neoclassical investment model. The second chapter studies the role of financial market imperfection in the sudden collapse of aggregate investment spending during the Asian financial crises (1997). We approach the problem in two ways: a conventional reduced-form analysis of a panel data of Korean manufacturing firms and an indirect inference to estimate a structural dynamic programming problem of a firm with foreign debts and financial constraints. Both reduced-form evidence and structural parameter estimates imply an important role for finance in investment at the firm level. Counterfactual simulations imply that the effect of foreign denominated debt for investment spending may account for up to 50% of the drop in investment during the crisis period. The third chapter studies the role of sunk initial investment required for export activity in generating endogenously persistent dynamics for trade and real exchange rate. With the sunk entry cost, exporting firms tend to stay in the business even when they make negative operating profit. On the other hand, non-exporters tend to delay entry decision. I find that the trade model based on sunk entry cost has a great potential to generate a more persistent dynamics of trade and real exchange rate. The key mechanism delivering this result is that the marginal cost of increasing the number of exporters is increasing because the productivity of marginal exporters is deteriorating as the economy continues to expand export activity.


Uncertainty and Investment Dynamics

Uncertainty and Investment Dynamics
Author: Nicholas Bloom
Publisher:
Total Pages: 44
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

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This paper shows that, with (partial) irreversibility, higher uncertainty reduces the impact effect of demand shocks on investment. Uncertainty increases real option values making firms more cautious when investing or disinvesting. This is confirmed both numerically for a model with a rich mix of adjustment costs, time-varying uncertainty, and aggregation over investment decisions and time, and also empirically for a panel of manufacturing firms. These cautionary effects of uncertainty are large %u2013 going from the lower quartile to the upper quartile of the uncertainty distribution typically halves the first year investment response to demand shocks. This implies the responsiveness of firms to any given policy stimulus may be much lower in periods of high uncertainty, such as after major shocks like OPEC I and 9/11.


Essays on Uncertainty and Credit Market Frictions

Essays on Uncertainty and Credit Market Frictions
Author: Givi Melkadze
Publisher:
Total Pages: 280
Release: 2019
Genre: Economics
ISBN:

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The dissertation comprises of three chapters. The first chapter studies the role of credit market frictions in transmitting time-varying aggregate uncertainty to economic activity. First, we document that changes in country-specific aggregate volatility are positively correlated with the current account dynamics but negatively correlated with investment, output and credit flows. Then we build an International Real Business Cycle model with credit market frictions that matches these empirical facts. The version of the model with no financial frictions can only account for positive correlation between volatility and current account, but implies counterfactual predictions for the other correlations. In the second chapter we analyze banking crises and lending of last resort (LOLR) in a quantitative model of financial frictions with bank defaults. We find that the LOLR, even if it induces an increase in banks' leverage, is beneficial for small open economies. We show that pools of small economies cannot be successful LOLRs for empirically reasonable levels of liquidity support: They need too many uncorrelated countries or large initial levels of reserves to be sustainable. A country with ample reserves like China can be a sustainable international LOLR. The third chapter analyzes supranational deposit insurance in a quantitative model of financial and sovereign debt crisis. We show that the common deposit insurance fund can bring about sizable economic benefits by weakening an adverse link between domestic banking sector stress and sovereign default risk. The model simulations suggest that the sustainability of such a fund requires a certain number of participating countries with strong fundamentals, while feasibility calls for risk-based insurance premiums. These results can inform the design of the common European deposit insurance fund.