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Treatment Planning of High Dose-Rate Brachytherapy - Mathematical Modelling and Optimization

Treatment Planning of High Dose-Rate Brachytherapy - Mathematical Modelling and Optimization
Author: Björn Morén
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Total Pages: 53
Release: 2021-01-12
Genre: Electronic books
ISBN: 9179297382

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Cancer is a widespread class of diseases that each year affects millions of people. It is mostly treated with chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, or combinations thereof. High doserate (HDR) brachytherapy (BT) is one modality of radiation therapy, which is used to treat for example prostate cancer and gynecologic cancer. In BT, catheters (i.e., hollow needles) or applicators are used to place a single, small, but highly radioactive source of ionizing radiation close to or within a tumour, at dwell positions. An emerging technique for HDR BT treatment is intensity modulated brachytherapy (IMBT), in which static or dynamic shields are used to further shape the dose distribution, by hindering the radiation in certain directions. The topic of this thesis is the application of mathematical optimization to model and solve the treatment planning problem. The treatment planning includes decisions on catheter placement, that is, how many catheters to use and where to place them, as well as decisions for dwell times. Our focus is on the latter decisions. The primary treatment goals are to give the tumour a sufficiently high radiation dose while limiting the dose to the surrounding healthy organs, to avoid severe side effects. Because these aims are typically in conflict, optimization models of the treatment planning problem are inherently multiobjective. Compared to manual treatment planning, there are several advantages of using mathematical optimization for treatment planning. First, the optimization of treatment plans requires less time, compared to the time-consuming manual planning. Secondly, treatment plan quality can be improved by using optimization models and algorithms. Finally, with the use of sophisticated optimization models and algorithms the requirements of experience and skill level for the planners are lower. The use of optimization for treatment planning of IMBT is especially important because the degrees of freedom are too many for manual planning. The contributions of this thesis include the study of properties of treatment planning models, suggestions for extensions and improvements of proposed models, and the development of new optimization models that take clinically relevant, but uncustomary aspects, into account in the treatment planning. A common theme is the modelling of constraints on dosimetric indices, each of which is a restriction on the portion of a volume that receives at least a specified dose, or on the lowest dose that is received by a portion of a volume. Modelling dosimetric indices explicitly yields mixed-integer programs which are computationally demanding to solve. We have therefore investigated approximations of dosimetric indices, for example using smooth non-linear functions or convex functions. Contributions of this thesis are also a literature review of proposed treatment planning models for HDR BT, including mathematical analyses and comparisons of models, and a study of treatment planning for IMBT, which shows how robust optimization can be used to mitigate the risks from rotational errors in the shield placement. Cancer är en grupp av sjukdomar som varje år drabbar miljontals människor. De vanligaste behandlingsformerna är cellgifter, kirurgi, strålbehandling eller en kombination av dessa. I denna avhandling studeras högdosrat brachyterapi (HDR BT), vilket är en form av strålbehandling som till exempel används vid behandling av prostatacancer och gynekologisk cancer. Vid brachyterapibehandling används ihåliga nålar eller applikatorer för att placera en millimeterstor strålkälla antingen inuti eller intill en tumör. I varje nål finns det ett antal så kallade dröjpositioner där strålkällan kan stanna en viss tid för att bestråla den omkringliggande vävnaden, i alla riktningar. Genom att välja lämpliga tider för dröjpositionerna kan dosfördelningen formas efter patientens anatomi. Utöver HDR BT studeras också den nya tekniken intensitetsmodulerad brachyterapi (IMBT) vilket är en variation på HDR BT där skärmning används för att minska strålningen i vissa riktningar vilket gör det möjligt att forma dosfördelningen bättre. Planeringen av en behandling med HDR BT omfattar hur många nålar som ska användas, var de ska placeras samt hur länge strålkällan ska stanna i de olika dröjpositionerna. För HDR BT kan dessa vara flera hundra stycken medan det för IMBT snarare handlar om tusentals möjliga kombinationer av dröjpositioner och inställningar av skärmarna. Planeringen resulterar i en dosplan som beskriver hur hög stråldos som tumören och intilliggande frisk vävnad och riskorgan utsätts för. Dosplaneringen kan formuleras som ett matematiskt optimeringsproblem vilket är ämnet för avhandlingen. De övergripande målsättningarna för behandlingen är att ge en tillräckligt hög stråldos till tumören, för att döda alla cancerceller, samt att undvika att bestråla riskorgan eftersom det kan ge allvarliga biverkningar. Då alla målsättningarna inte samtidigt kan uppnås fullt ut så fås optimeringsproblem där flera målsättningar behöver prioriteras mot varandra. Utöver att dosplanen uppfyller kliniska behandlingsriktlinjer så är också tidsaspekten av planeringen viktig eftersom det är vanligt att den görs medan patienten är bedövad eller sövd. Vid utvärdering av en dosplan används dos-volymmått. För en tumör anger ett dosvolymmått hur stor andel av tumören som får en stråldos som är högre än en specificerad nivå. Dos-volymmått utgör en viktig del av målen för dosplaner som tas upp i kliniska behandlingsriktlinjer och ett exempel på ett sådant mål vid behandling av prostatacancer är att 95% av prostatans volym ska få en stråldos som är minst den föreskrivna dosen. Dos-volymmått utläses ur de kliniskt betydelsefulla dos-volym histogrammen som för varje stråldosnivå anger motsvarande volym som erhåller den dosen. En fördel med att använda matematisk optimering för dosplanering är att det kan spara tid jämfört med manuell planering. Med väl utvecklade modeller så finns det också möjlighet att skapa bättre dosplaner, till exempel genom att riskorganen nås av en lägre dos men med bibehållen dos till tumören. Vidare så finns det även fördelar med en process som inte är lika personberoende och som inte kräver erfarenhet i lika stor utsträckning som manuell dosplanering i dagsläget gör. Vid IMBT är det dessutom så många frihetsgrader att manuell planering i stort sett blir omöjligt. I avhandlingen ligger fokus på hur dos-volymmått kan användas och modelleras explicit i optimeringsmodeller, så kallade dos-volymmodeller. Detta omfattar såväl analys av egenskaper hos befintliga modeller, utvidgningar av tidigare använda modeller samt utveckling av nya optimeringsmodeller. Eftersom dos-volymmodeller modelleras som heltalsproblem, vilka är beräkningskrävande att lösa, så är det också viktigt att utveckla algoritmer som kan lösa dem tillräckligt snabbt för klinisk användning. Ett annat mål för modellutvecklingen är att kunna ta hänsyn till fler kriterier som är kliniskt relevanta men som inte ingår i dos-volymmodeller. En sådan kategori av mått är hur dosen är fördelad rumsligt, exempelvis att volymen av sammanhängande områden som får en alldeles för hög dos ska vara liten. Sådana områden går dock inte att undvika helt eftersom det är typiskt för dosplaner för brachyterapi att stråldosen fördelar sig ojämnt, med väldigt höga doser till små volymer precis intill strålkällorna. Vidare studeras hur små fel i inställningarna av skärmningen i IMBT påverkar dosplanens kvalitet och de olika utvärderingsmått som används kliniskt. Robust optimering har använts för att säkerställa att en dosplan tas fram som är robust sett till dessa möjliga fel i hur skärmningen är placerad. Slutligen ges en omfattande översikt över optimeringsmodeller för dosplanering av HDR BT och speciellt hur optimeringsmodellerna hanterar de motstridiga målsättningarna.


Mathematical Modelling of Dose Planning in High Dose-Rate Brachytherapy

Mathematical Modelling of Dose Planning in High Dose-Rate Brachytherapy
Author: Björn Morén
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Total Pages: 63
Release: 2019-04-24
Genre:
ISBN: 9176851311

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Cancer is a widespread type of diseases that each year affects millions of people. It is mainly treated by chemotherapy, surgery or radiation therapy, or a combination of them. One modality of radiation therapy is high dose-rate brachytherapy, used in treatment of for example prostate cancer and gynecologic cancer. Brachytherapy is an invasive treatment in which catheters (hollow needles) or applicators are used to place the highly active radiation source close to or within a tumour. The treatment planning problem, which can be modelled as a mathematical optimization problem, is the topic of this thesis. The treatment planning includes decisions on how many catheters to use and where to place them as well as the dwell times for the radiation source. There are multiple aims with the treatment and these are primarily to give the tumour a radiation dose that is sufficiently high and to give the surrounding healthy tissue and organs (organs at risk) a dose that is sufficiently low. Because these aims are in conflict, modelling the treatment planning gives optimization problems which essentially are multiobjective. To evaluate treatment plans, a concept called dosimetric indices is commonly used and they constitute an essential part of the clinical treatment guidelines. For the tumour, the portion of the volume that receives at least a specified dose is of interest while for an organ at risk it is rather the portion of the volume that receives at most a specified dose. The dosimetric indices are derived from the dose-volume histogram, which for each dose level shows the corresponding dosimetric index. Dose-volume histograms are commonly used to visualise the three-dimensional dose distribution. The research focus of this thesis is mathematical modelling of the treatment planning and properties of optimization models explicitly including dosimetric indices, which the clinical treatment guidelines are based on. Modelling dosimetric indices explicitly yields mixedinteger programs which are computationally demanding to solve. The computing time of the treatment planning is of clinical relevance as the planning is typically conducted while the patient is under anaesthesia. Research topics in this thesis include both studying properties of models, extending and improving models, and developing new optimization models to be able to take more aspects into account in the treatment planning. There are several advantages of using mathematical optimization for treatment planning in comparison to manual planning. First, the treatment planning phase can be shortened compared to the time consuming manual planning. Secondly, also the quality of treatment plans can be improved by using optimization models and algorithms, for example by considering more of the clinically relevant aspects. Finally, with the use of optimization algorithms the requirements of experience and skill level for the planners are lower. This thesis summary contains a literature review over optimization models for treatment planning, including the catheter placement problem. How optimization models consider the multiobjective nature of the treatment planning problem is also discussed.


Optimization Methods for High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Treatment Planning

Optimization Methods for High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Treatment Planning
Author: Elodie Rachel Mok Tsze Chung
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2016
Genre:
ISBN:

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Optimization approaches for treatment planning in two novel high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy techniques, direction-modulation brachytherapy (DMBT) and energy-modulated brachytherapy (EMBT), are investigated for cervical cancer and prostate cancer. Brachytherapy is a form of radiation therapy where a radioactive source is placed inside the body to irradiate the tumour internally. Conventionally, only one source is used and it is unshielded, thus providing an isotropic dose distribution. DMBT makes use of a new shielded applicator that is capable of delivering highly directional radiation distributions. In EMBT, three HDR sources, 192Ir, 60Co, and 169Yb, are used in combination to provide variety in dose profiles. To investigate the benefit of these two new techniques over conventional brachytherapy, we use an inverse planning approach to generate the treatment plans. We model the treatment planning problem as a quadratic program and use an interior point constraint generation algorithm to generate the treatment plans.


Emerging Technologies in Brachytherapy

Emerging Technologies in Brachytherapy
Author: William Y. Song
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 416
Release: 2017-05-19
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1498736548

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Brachytherapy is continuously advancing. Years of accumulated experience have led to clinical evidence of its benefit in numerous clinical sites such as gynecological, prostate, breast, rectum, ocular, and many other cancers. Brachytherapy continues to expand in its scope of practice and complexity, driven by strong academic and commercial research, by advances in competing modalities, and due to the diversity in the political and economic landscape. It is a true challenge for practicing professionals and students to readily grasp the overarching trends of the field, especially of those technologies and innovative practices that are not yet established but are certainly on the rise. Addressing this challenge, Emerging Technologies in Brachytherapy presents a comprehensive collection of chapters on the latest trending/emerging technologies and expert opinions. It is divided into five broad sections: Section I: Physics of Brachytherapy Section II: Imaging for Brachytherapy Guidance Section III: Brachytherapy Suites Section IV: Is Brachytherapy a Competitive Modality? Section V: Vision 20/20: Industry Perspective Each section has a carefully selected collection of chapters, which covers the spectrum of topics in comprehensive detail. By drawing on recognized experts and key opinion leaders from academia and commercial sectors worldwide (100+ contributors), Emerging Technologies in Brachytherapy provides readers with a wealth of relevant information needed to comprehend the rapidly advancing technologies and trends of today and the prospects for the future.


Decision Analytics and Optimization in Disease Prevention and Treatment

Decision Analytics and Optimization in Disease Prevention and Treatment
Author: Nan Kong
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 406
Release: 2018-03-13
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1118960122

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A systematic review of the most current decision models and techniques for disease prevention and treatment Decision Analytics and Optimization in Disease Prevention and Treatment offers a comprehensive resource of the most current decision models and techniques for disease prevention and treatment. With contributions from leading experts in the field, this important resource presents information on the optimization of chronic disease prevention, infectious disease control and prevention, and disease treatment and treatment technology. Designed to be accessible, in each chapter the text presents one decision problem with the related methodology to showcase the vast applicability of operations research tools and techniques in advancing medical decision making. This vital resource features the most recent and effective approaches to the quickly growing field of healthcare decision analytics, which involves cost-effectiveness analysis, stochastic modeling, and computer simulation. Throughout the book, the contributors discuss clinical applications of modeling and optimization techniques to assist medical decision making within complex environments. Accessible and authoritative, Decision Analytics and Optimization in Disease Prevention and Treatment: Presents summaries of the state-of-the-art research that has successfully utilized both decision analytics and optimization tools within healthcare operations research Highlights the optimization of chronic disease prevention, infectious disease control and prevention, and disease treatment and treatment technology Includes contributions by well-known experts from operations researchers to clinical researchers, and from data scientists to public health administrators Offers clarification on common misunderstandings and misnomers while shedding light on new approaches in this growing area Designed for use by academics, practitioners, and researchers, Decision Analytics and Optimization in Disease Prevention and Treatment offers a comprehensive resource for accessing the power of decision analytics and optimization tools within healthcare operations research.


Treatment Plan Optimization for Rotating-shield Brachytherapy

Treatment Plan Optimization for Rotating-shield Brachytherapy
Author: Yunlong Liu
Publisher:
Total Pages: 129
Release: 2014
Genre: Radioisotope brachytherapy
ISBN:

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In this thesis, we aim to develop fundamentally new techniques and algorithms for efficiently computing rotating-shield brachytherapy (RSBT) treatment plans. We propose that these algorithms will pave the way for making RSBT available in clinical practices. RSBT is an intensity modulated high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) technique. Theoretically, RSBT offers advantages over the conventional HDR-BT. Although this technique is promising in theory, its application in practice is still at an early stage. The RSBT technique entails rotating a radiation-attenuating shield about a brachytherapy source to directionally modulate the radiation in an optimized fashion. The unshielded brachytherapy source used in conventional HDR-BT delivers radially symmetric dose distributions, thus the intensity modulation capability of the conventional HDR-BT is limited. With the capability of making anisotropic radiation, RSBT will revolutionize the brachytherapy technique through superior dose conformity, increased flexibility and inherent accuracy. Due to the enhanced power of intensity-modulation, RSBT will also enable dose escalation without increasing toxicity to the organs-at-risk, thus improving quality of life for millions of cancer patients. Although the first conceptual RSBT method was proposed more than ten years ago, there are still tremendous chges for applying it in clinical practices. Creating efficient and automated treatment planning system is one of the major technical obstacles for making RSBT deliverable in the clinic. The time-critical nature of the application significantly increases the difficulty of RSBT treatment planning, demanding innovative techniques for information integration. Therefore, we propose that fundamentally novel technology and algorithms for RSBT treatment planning can make RSBT clinically accessible. The fundamental concept used for this thesis is to decompose the dose optimization step for RSBT treatment planning into two steps, namely anchor plan optimization and optimal sequencing. The degree of freedom in anchor plan optimization is controlled at a low level compared to single-step dose optimization, and the optimal sequencing algorithms can efficiently calculate treatment plans by reusing the solutions from anchor plan optimization. Thus, by decomposing the dose optimization, the computational complexity in the two-step method is greatly reduced compared to the single-step method. In the anchor plan optimization, an abstract RSBT delivery model is assumed. The abstract RSBT delivery model assumes that only beams with fixed small azimuthal emission angle, which are called beamlets, will be used during the delivery. An anchor plan is created based on this assumption that only these beamlets will be used. Generally, an anchor plan will be of high quality in the sense of dose distribution, but of low quality in the sense that it has prohibitory long delivery time. In the optimal sequencing step, beamlets will be superposed into beams to reduce the delivery time. By limiting the delivery time to a clinically acceptable level, the anchor plans turn into deliverable plans. Unlike anchor plan optimization, where an abstract RSBT delivery model is assumed, the optimal sequencing step depends on more concrete RSBT delivery models. Specifically, we will study three methods of RSBT, namely the single rotating-shield brachytherapy (S-RSBT), the dynamic rotating-shield brachytherapy (D-RSBT) and the paddle rotating-shield brachytherapy (P-RSBT). We proposed a novel anchor plan dose optimization method as well as novel optimal sequencing methods for each of the RSBT delivery methods studied in this work. We have implemented all the proposed algorithms and experimented with them using real medical data. With the methods proposed in this thesis, the optimization time for creating delivery plans can be controlled within 15 minutes based on the data from our experiments. Compared to the conventional brachytherapy techniques, the three methods studied in this work can produce more conformal dose distributions at an acceptable level of delivery time increase. With 15 min/fx delivery time, S-RSBT, D-RSBT and P-RSBT averagely increased the D90 (the minimum dose received by the hottest 90% of the tumor) by 17, 9 and 5 Gy compared to conventional interstitial plus intracavitary brachytherapy, whose D90 is 79 Gy. The best choice depends on the specified delivery time or quality requirement, as well as the complexity of building the equipment. Roughly speaking, among the three RSBT methods studied in this thesis, P-RSBT has the most complex applicators as well as the highest plan qualities. S-RSBT has the simplest applicators, and its plan qualities is generally better than D-RSBT with limited delivery time (


Radiation Therapy Physics

Radiation Therapy Physics
Author: Alfred R. Smith
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 468
Release: 2013-11-11
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3662031078

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The aim of this book is to provide a uniquely comprehensive source of information on the entire field of radiation therapy physics. The very significant advances in imaging, computational, and accelerator technologies receive full consideration, as do such topics as the dosimetry of radiolabeled antibodies and dose calculation models. The scope of the book and the expertise of the authors make it essential reading for interested physicians and physicists and for radiation dosimetrists.


Operations Research Proceedings 2017

Operations Research Proceedings 2017
Author: Natalia Kliewer
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 758
Release: 2018-05-25
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3319899201

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This book gathers a selection of peer-reviewed papers presented at the International Conference on Operations Research (OR 2017), which was held at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany on September 6-8, 2017. More than 800 scientists, practitioners and students from mathematics, computer science, business/economics and related fields attended the conference and presented more than 500 papers in parallel topic streams, as well as special award sessions. The main theme of the conference and its proceedings was "Decision Analytics for the Digital Economy."