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Toxicity of Nitroaromatic Compounds

Toxicity of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Author: Douglas E. Rickert
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 314
Release: 1985-01-01
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9780891163046

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Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds

Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Author: Jim C. Spain
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 234
Release: 2013-11-21
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1475794479

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During the past five years increased awareness of environmental contamination by nitroaromatic compounds has led to a dramatic increase in research on their biodegradation. The resulting discoveries have markedly extended our understanding of degradation mecha nisms and pathways in bacteria and fungi. Futhermore, this new basic knowledge promises the development of field applications of biodegradation systems for nitroaromatic com pounds. In May of 1994, an International Symposium on the Biodegradation of Nitro aromatic Compounds was held in Las Vegas, Nevada. This symposium brought together the scientists at the frontiers of research into the biodegradation of nitro aromatic compounds. The invited speakers were asked to review their area of expertise and write a critical, comprehensive synthesis of their work and related work by others. This book is the result of their efforts. The emphasis of the reviews is on basic research in biodegradation and biotransfor mation. Therefore, the reactions of nitroaromatic compounds in plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, soil, and even nonbiological systems are considered. The goal of the work is to provide the reader with an appreciation of the tremendous range of possibilities for metabolism of aromatic nitro compounds and the experimental approaches used to understand them. This volume should be of interest to biochemists, microbiologists, engineers, toxicologists, and anyone interested in the behavior of synthetic chemicals in the environment or in living systems. Furthermore, a variety of commercial applications can be envisioned for some of the reactions described here.


Ecotoxicology of Explosives

Ecotoxicology of Explosives
Author: Geoffrey I. Sunahara
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 336
Release: 2009-06-01
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1420004344

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Managing sites contaminated with munitions constituents is an international challenge. Although the choice of approach and the use of Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) tools may vary from country to country, the assurance of quality and the direction of ecotoxicological research are universally recognized as shared concerns. Drawing on a multidiscip


The Relationship Between the Toxicity and Structure of Nitroaromatic Chemicals

The Relationship Between the Toxicity and Structure of Nitroaromatic Chemicals
Author: HC. Bailey
Publisher:
Total Pages: 10
Release: 1983
Genre: Aminodinitrotoluene
ISBN:

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The acute toxicities of nitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, trinitrotoluene, aminonitrotoluene, aminodinitrotoluene, and dinitrobenzene isomers were evaluated in fathead minnows. For the nitroaromatics, toxicity appeared to be related to the number and orientation of nitro groups; compounds with nitro groups positioned ortho or para to each other were appreciably more toxic than isomers having the nitro groups in the meta orientation. In contrast, the toxicities of the aminonitrotoluenes and aminodinitrotoluenes were not related in any obvious way to their structures. Two mechanisms may account for the differences in toxicity between the nitroaromatic isomers: (1) nucleophilic displacement of a nitro group and (2) reduction of a nitro group. The available data indicate that reduction of a nitro group is the more likely pathway.


Ecotoxicity of Nitroaromatics to Aquatic and Terrestrial Species at Army Superfund Sites

Ecotoxicity of Nitroaromatics to Aquatic and Terrestrial Species at Army Superfund Sites
Author: PS. Hovatter
Publisher:
Total Pages: 13
Release: 1997
Genre: Aquatic toxicity
ISBN:

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Nitroaromatic compounds, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, RDX, HMX, tetryl, and associated degradation products, are released into the environment during the manufacturing, loading, packing, and assembling of munitions at U.S. Army Ammunition Plants. With the exception of 2A46DNT, nitroaromatic compounds are more toxic to fresh-water fishes (LC50s ranging from 0.4-32 mg/L) than to freshwater invertebrates (EC50s ranging from 3-100 mg/L). Rainbow trout are the most sensitive test species with LC50 values ranging from 0.43 to 6.4 mg/L for TNT, RDX, and HMX. These compounds produce negative effects on reproductive endpoints in terrestrial mammals at doses >1 mg/kg/day. Limited data indicate that nitroaromatics are not toxic to terrestrial plants (LOECs ranging from 25-100 ?g/g in soil) and soil invertebrates (LOEC of 200 ?g/g). Additional studies need to be undertaken to completely characterize the toxicity of these compounds; however, the criteria and screening benchmarks presented in this paper can be used to assess the risks to indigenous flora and fauna at Army Superfund sites.


Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives

Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives
Author: Jim C. Spain
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 451
Release: 2000-06-14
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1420032674

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Filled with practical applications and research, Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives presents an international perspective on environmental contamination from explosives. It covers biodegradation strategies for DNT and a wide variety of other nitroaromatic compounds of environmental significance and makes the information access