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Three Essays in the Economics of Gender and Development

Three Essays in the Economics of Gender and Development
Author: David Aimé Zoundi
Publisher:
Total Pages: 125
Release: 2021
Genre:
ISBN:
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This Ph.D. thesis explores barriers to gender equality in developing countries. It is composed of three essays. The first essay (chapter 1) explores the roots of gender inequality favoring boys in education. It analyzes the effect of culture interaction with poor household economic on the school dropout probabilities of boys' and girls', using Malawi data. Malawi's suitability for this analysis stems from the coexistence in its territory of two different customs of post-marital residence for couples: patrilocal and matrilocal customs. Estimation results show that gender inequality in education is rooted in the interaction of household economic conditions and the custom of patrilocality—when a married couple settles near or with the husband's family after marriage. The essay concludes that public policies that make it unnecessary for parents to rely on traditional customs to organize their family life can eliminate gender inequality favoring boys' education. The last two essays analyze the issue of polygyny—when a man can have multiples wives simultaneously. This marriage institution has disappeared globally but remains confined in a cluster of sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in the Sahel region. Economic theory predicts that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. Still, empirical evidence is yet to establish this causal link, settling instead for a negative correlation between education and women's polygyny probabilities. The second essay examines the effect of education on women's polygyny probabilities, using primarily Uganda data. For identification, we use an estimation approach that jointly addresses sample selection and education endogeneity problems. We estimate a three-equation model comprising a polygyny (main) equation, a marriage (selection), and an education (endogeneity) equation. Estimation results confirm economic theory's prediction that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. The third and final essay provides evidence on the cause of the clustering of polygyny in drought-prone countries. Evidence shows that in village economies dependent on rainfed agriculture, the breakdown of informal risk-sharing arrangements following covariate shocks such as droughts increases the value of having a large family, both in size and composition, as a lever of resilience strategies. We find that polygyny allows households to build resilience to the adverse effects of drought on crop yields. These three essays contribute to advancing our knowledge of the barriers to gender inequalityin sub-Saharan Africa. It mainly draws attention to the importance for developing countries to invest in girls' schooling (Essay 2) and promote public policies that make it less attractive for parents to resort to traditional institutions to support their livelihoods (Essay 1). Additionally, policies such as those promoting smallholder farmers as a development strategy can contribute to the persistence of polygyny in drought-prone communities if done without weaning the rural population of its dependence on rainfed agriculture. In these settings, promoting resilience and adaptation strategies independent of household size can lead to polygyny and child marriage's disappearance (Essay 3).

Three Essays on Women and the Macroeconomy

Three Essays on Women and the Macroeconomy
Author: Kathrin Daniela Ellieroth
Publisher:
Total Pages: 145
Release: 2020
Genre: Marriage
ISBN:
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In my dissertation I study how differences in gender and marital status affect aggregate labor market outcomes in the economy.In my first chapter "Cyclicality of Hours Worked by Married Women and Spousal Insurance", I document that married women's hours worked are less cyclical than married men's and singles' hours and argue that spousal insurance contributes to the low cyclicality. Analyzing volatility and transition rates, I show that married women are less likely to leave the labor force during recessions, but not more likely to join. In my second chapter "Spousal Insurance, Precautionary Labor Supply, and the Business Cycle", I document that married women are less likely to leave the labor force and are more attached to employment in recessions. Using a two-person household incomplete assets markets model with labor market frictions, I show that married women exhibit precautionary labor supply in response to the higher threat of job loss experienced by their husband in recessions. Quantitative analysis shows that married women's precautionary labor supply behavior is an important mechanism of intra-household risk sharing and accounts for 30% of married women's low employment cyclicality. Furthermore, I show that spousal insurance reduces married households' consumption volatility by 30% over the business cycle.In my third chapter "From Trend to Cycle: the Changing Careers of Married Women and Business Cycle Risk" (joint with Amanda Michaud), we show that the rise in hours and employment of married women has been driven by a rise of "career women" with highly persistent full-time participation. We derive implications of this secular change for the cyclically aggregate labor using a unified theory. We find that, while the hours cyclicality varies greatly across career types, the changing composition of careers and families nets little change in the aggregate hours cyclicality, but redistributes the cyclical risk across household types.

The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy

The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy
Author: Susan L. Averett
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 889
Release: 2018-05-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0190878266
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The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.

Women and the Economy

Women and the Economy
Author: Saul D. Hoffman
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Total Pages: 416
Release: 2021-03-11
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1352012014
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An analysis of the enormous changes in women's economic lives around the world, from the family to the labour market. Hoffman and Averett examine topics such as the effect of rising women's wages and improved labour market opportunities on marriage, the ways in which more reliable contraception has shaped women's adult lives and careers, and the forces behind the phenomenal rise in women's labour force activity. This fourth edition includes brand new chapters on gender in economics and race and gender in the USA. It incorporates the latest research findings throughout, many of which are featured in helpful call-out boxes, and illustrated with new graphs and figures. This is invaluable reading for undergraduate and postgraduate students of economics, development and women's studies. The level of economic analysis is suitable for students with basic economics knowledge. New to this Edition: - New chapters on gender in economics and race and gender in economics - Fully updated with new data, policy examples and a new companion website with lecturer resources - Increased pedagogy, with over 30 new boxes

Three Essays in Applied Economics

Three Essays in Applied Economics
Author: Chiara Santantonio
Publisher:
Total Pages: 128
Release: 2020
Genre: Economic policy
ISBN:
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When Women Win: Female Representation and Violence Against Women: We investigate the impact of female representation on violence against women. Using a regression discontinuity design on mixed-gender races for U.S. House of Representative, we find that the election of a woman significantly lowers the incidence of gender-related crime. During the first year of office, the number of victims of domestic femicides in the district decreases between 38 and 50 percent. At the same time, we do not find a significant effect in the number of rapes reported, which we show can be attributed to the combination of increased reporting and the lower incidence of such crimes. Importantly, the effect vanishes in subsequent periods. We document a deterrence effect of female representation, where the higher probability of being caught, brought about by higher police effort and more reporting, discourages males to commit crime. Colluding With Your Peers: Neighbours and Selective Absenteeism in the Parliament: This paper evaluates the effect of peers on Parliamentary absenteeism. Using data from the Italian House of Representatives, we exploit the alphabetical assignment of seats adopted by the largest party in the House to evaluate how being neighbours affects joint-attendance patterns. We find that, while it does not have an effect on average, being neighbours has significant heterogeneous effects depending on the gender-composition of couples. In particular, couples in which both members are males are more likely to alternate, rather than being jointly-absent or jointly-present, when seated together. We argue that this is evidence of MPs becoming more likely to cooperate by substituting one's vote with another's, i.e. more likely to collude. The "Great Lockdown": Inactive Workers and Mortality by Covid-19: This paper estimates the causal effect of the economic lockdown imposed by the Italian Government in March 2020 on mortality by Covid-19 and on mobility patterns. Our difference-in-difference design compares outcomes in municipalities above-and-below the median variation in the share of active population within a province before-and-after the lockdown, exploiting the exogenous variation in the number of active workers across municipalities induced by the measure. Our results show that the intensity of the economic lockdown is associated to a statistically significant reduction in mortality by Covid-19 and, in particular, for age groups between 30-64 and older. Back of the envelope calculations indicate that 4,793 deaths were avoided, in the 26 days between April 5 to April 30, in the 3,518 municipalities which experienced a more intense lockdown.

Employment, Unemployment, and Non-single Women

Employment, Unemployment, and Non-single Women
Author: Min Qiang Zhao
Publisher:
Total Pages: 157
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:
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Abstract: My dissertation examines the relationship between the rise of female labor supply and the rise of the service economy and studies how labor market and unemployment policies affect family labor decisions. There are three essays in my dissertation. The first essay quantifies the Buera and Kaboski's (BK) service economy model and examines how the female labor supply is related to service growth. I discipline the model through calibration to assess how quantitatively plausible such an explanation is. By extending the BK model to a two-person household model, I incorporate a joint household decision on home and market production into the model, which provides a direct link between female labor supply and the growth of service economy. The calibrated analysis shows that both the BK model and the extended BK model are able to match nearly all of the growth in the service sector, and the channels emphasized in the BK model are quantitatively important. Using counterfactual experiments, I identify the rising efficient scale of service production and skill deepening of the labor force, particularly among the female population, as the most important channels of service growth. The second essay uses British Household Panel Survey data to examine how marital instability and partners' employment instability affect non-single mothers' employment responses to the 1999 in-work benefit reform in the United Kingdom. Previous studies have found small employment responses overall, but I find large responses among these subpopulations. My difference-in-difference analysis suggests that (1) there is about a 10 to 14 percentage point increase in the full-time employment of non-single mothers with unstable marriages relative to those with stable marriages as the result of the 1999 reform, and (2) there is about a 10 percentage point increase in the full-time employment of non-single mothers with unstably employed partners relative to those with stably employed partners. These results highlight the important interaction between household instability and the labor decisions of non-single mothers. The third essay examines how means-tested unemployment benefits affect couple's employment decisions. The literature has overly emphasized the negative work incentive of means-tested unemployment benefits, which does not provide full information for policy evaluation because the overall employment outcome matters more than the employment outcome of women with unemployed spouses. I show that means-tested unemployment benefits involve both negative and positive work incentives, the latter of which usually dominates to generate a higher employment rate, a greater proportion of dual-earner couples as well as a lower government expenditure on unemployment benefits.