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The Relationship Between the Toxicity and Structure of Nitroaromatic Chemicals

The Relationship Between the Toxicity and Structure of Nitroaromatic Chemicals
Author: HC. Bailey
Publisher:
Total Pages: 10
Release: 1983
Genre: Aminodinitrotoluene
ISBN:

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The acute toxicities of nitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, trinitrotoluene, aminonitrotoluene, aminodinitrotoluene, and dinitrobenzene isomers were evaluated in fathead minnows. For the nitroaromatics, toxicity appeared to be related to the number and orientation of nitro groups; compounds with nitro groups positioned ortho or para to each other were appreciably more toxic than isomers having the nitro groups in the meta orientation. In contrast, the toxicities of the aminonitrotoluenes and aminodinitrotoluenes were not related in any obvious way to their structures. Two mechanisms may account for the differences in toxicity between the nitroaromatic isomers: (1) nucleophilic displacement of a nitro group and (2) reduction of a nitro group. The available data indicate that reduction of a nitro group is the more likely pathway.


Toxicity of Nitroaromatic Compounds

Toxicity of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Author: Douglas E. Rickert
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 314
Release: 1985-01-01
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9780891163046

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Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds

Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Author: Jim C. Spain
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 234
Release: 2013-11-21
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1475794479

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During the past five years increased awareness of environmental contamination by nitroaromatic compounds has led to a dramatic increase in research on their biodegradation. The resulting discoveries have markedly extended our understanding of degradation mecha nisms and pathways in bacteria and fungi. Futhermore, this new basic knowledge promises the development of field applications of biodegradation systems for nitroaromatic com pounds. In May of 1994, an International Symposium on the Biodegradation of Nitro aromatic Compounds was held in Las Vegas, Nevada. This symposium brought together the scientists at the frontiers of research into the biodegradation of nitro aromatic compounds. The invited speakers were asked to review their area of expertise and write a critical, comprehensive synthesis of their work and related work by others. This book is the result of their efforts. The emphasis of the reviews is on basic research in biodegradation and biotransfor mation. Therefore, the reactions of nitroaromatic compounds in plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, soil, and even nonbiological systems are considered. The goal of the work is to provide the reader with an appreciation of the tremendous range of possibilities for metabolism of aromatic nitro compounds and the experimental approaches used to understand them. This volume should be of interest to biochemists, microbiologists, engineers, toxicologists, and anyone interested in the behavior of synthetic chemicals in the environment or in living systems. Furthermore, a variety of commercial applications can be envisioned for some of the reactions described here.


Ecotoxicology of Explosives

Ecotoxicology of Explosives
Author: Geoffrey I. Sunahara
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 336
Release: 2009-06-01
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1420004344

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Managing sites contaminated with munitions constituents is an international challenge. Although the choice of approach and the use of Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) tools may vary from country to country, the assurance of quality and the direction of ecotoxicological research are universally recognized as shared concerns. Drawing on a multidiscip


Mechanisms of Drug Toxicity

Mechanisms of Drug Toxicity
Author: H. Rašková
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 113
Release: 2013-10-22
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1483157202

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Mechanisms of Drug Toxicity, Volume 4 presents the proceedings of the 3rd International Pharmacological Meeting held in Sao Paulo, Brazil in 1966. The book discusses the drug-induced pathobiotic effects; the mechanisms of adverse reactions; and enzyme induction in the mechanism of chronic toxicity. The text also describes the influence of inducing substances on the growth of liver and microsomal electron transport systems; the quantitative aspects of chronic toxicity; and the facts and fallacies in predicting drug effects in human.


Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry II

Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry II
Author: Jerzy Leszczynski
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 550
Release: 2012-07-09
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9400709234

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Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry II: An Overview of the Last Two Decades and Current Trends gathers the discussion of advances made within the last 20 years by well-known experts in the area of theoretical and computational chemistry and physics. The title reflects the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the “Conference on Current Trends in Computational Chemistry (CCTCC)” to success of which all authors contributed. Starting with the recent development of modeling of solvation effect using the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) at the Coupled-Cluster level and the effects of extreme pressure on the molecular properties within the PCM framework, this volume focuses on the association/dissociation of ion pairs in binary solvent mixtures, application of graph theory to determine the all possible structures and temperature-dependent distribution of water cluster, generalized-ensemble algorithms for the complex molecular simulation, QM/MD based investigation of formation of different nanostructures under nonequilibrium conditions, quantum mechanical study of chemical reactivity of carbon nanotube, covalent functionalization of single walled-carbon nanotube, designing of functional materials, importance of long-range dispersion interaction to study nanomaterials, recent advances in QSPR/QSAR analysis of nitrocompounds, prediction of physico-chemical properties of energetic materials, electronic structure and properties of 3d transition metal dimers, the s-bond activation reactions by transition metal complexes, theoretical modeling of environmental mercury depletion reaction, organolithium chemistry and computational modeling of low-energy electron induced DNA damage. Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry II: An Overview of the Last Two Decades and Current Trends is aimed at theoretical and computational chemists, physical chemists, materials scientists, and particularly those who are eager to apply computational chemistry methods to problems of chemical and physical importance. This book provides valuable information to undergraduate, graduate, and PhD students as well as to established researchers. Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry II: An Overview of the Last Two Decades and Current Trends is aimed at theoretical and computational chemists, physical chemists, materials scientists, and particularly those who are eager to apply computational chemistry methods to problems of chemical and physical importance. This book provides valuable information to undergraduate, graduate, and PhD students as well as to established researchers.