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| Author | : Christopher John Steele |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2012 |
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| Author | : Eckart Altenmüller |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780199298723 |
The motor actions that can be witnessed as a virtuoso musician performs can be so fast, so accomplished, so precise, as to seem somehow superhuman. The musician has to produce the movements, monitor those they have already made and the subsequent result, co-ordinate their hands, fingers, eyes, and perhaps throat and diaphragm. These achievements are of course the product of hundreds, even thousands of hours of practice - playing scales, studies, time and time again. But those hours of practice by no means guarantee that great musicianship will result. This technical prowess has to be combined with a range of other, perhaps, less tangible qualities. This book explores the secrets of musical virtuosity. It presents a comprehensive account of music and motor cognition, examining the neural basis of music making - our understanding of which is just starting to be enhanced by brain imaging. It considers the effect on our brains of prolonged music making. It explores the motor processes across a range of instruments (vocal, string, wind, percussion) and within different performance situations. It also considers what happens when things start to go wrong - why motor problems occur in so many professional musicians in later life, and the possible therapies for such problems. Music is a topic of considerable interest within the brain sciences. With contributions from leading psychologists, neuroscientists, and neurologists, this book makes a unique contribution to our understanding of music and the brain.
| Author | : Lucía Vaquero Zamora |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 224 |
| Release | : 2019 |
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It has been shown that music and language training can elicit plastic changes on brain structure and function bringing along behavioural benefits. For instance, musicians have been reported to have better auditory discrimination including pitch and speech-in-noise perception, motor-synchronization, verbal memory and general IQ than individuals without formal musical background. Also, bilinguals have shown higher executive function and attention-related abilities than monolinguals. Furthermore, altered functional and structural connectivity can be tracked to brain areas related to the activities most frequently performed by both musicians (instrumentalists and singers) and linguistic experts (such as bilinguals or professional phoneticians). While research in the last decade has devoted important effort to the study of brain plasticity, only a few investigations have addressed the connection between the initial functional or structural properties of brain networks related to auditory-motor function and subsequent language or musical training. Indeed, brain structural markers such as grey matter volume/density or white-matter diffusivity measurements from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data, as well as functional measurements from task- related activity or resting-state data from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or electroenceplhalography (EEG) have been demonstrated to correlate with consecutive performance and learning in the auditory-motor domain. The main goal of the present dissertation was twofold: we aimed to further the existing knowledge regarding brain plasticity elicited during putative sensitive periods and after long-term music practice, and to explore the white-matter pathways that predict linguistic or musical skills at baseline . Our secondary goals were to confirm previous findings regarding the brain structures involved in music and language processing, as well as to provide evidence of the benefits of usingstructural measurements and correlational analyses between imaging and behavioural data to study inter-individual differences. Study I focused on the comparison between professional pianists and non- musicians observing a complex pattern of increases and decreases in grey matter volume. In comparison to non-musician individuals, pianists showed greater grey matter volume in areas related to motor skill and the automatization of learned movements, as well as reinforcement learning and emotional processing. On the other hand, regions associated to sensorimotor control, score reading and auditory and musical perception presented a reduction in grey matter volume. Study II explored the relationship between white-matter structural properties of the arcuate fasciculus (AF) and the performance of native German speakers in a foreign- language (Hindi) sentence and word imitation task. We found that a greater left lateralization of the AF volume predicted performance on the imitation task. This result was confirmed by using not only a manual deterministic approach but also an automatic atlas-based fibre-reconstruction method, which in addition pointed out to a specific region in the anterior half of the left AF as the most related to imitation ability. Study III aimed to investigate whether the white-matter structural connectivity of the pathways previously described as targets for plasticity mechanisms in professional musicians predicted musical abilities in non-musicians. We observed that the white- matter microstructural organization of the right hemisphere pathways involved in motor-control (corticospinal tract) and auditory-motor transformations (AF) correlated with the performance of non-musician individuals during the initial stages of rhythmic and melodic learning. The present work confirmed the involvement of several brain structures previously described to display plastic effects associated to music and language training in the first stages of audio-motor learning. Furthermore, they challenge previous views regarding music-induced plasticity by showing that expertise is not always or uniquely correlated with increases in brain tissue. This raises the question of the role of efficiency mechanisms derived from professional-like practice. Most importantly, the results from these three studies converge in showing that a prediction-feedback-feedforward loop for auditory-motor processing may be crucially involved in both musical and language learning and skills. We thus suggest that brain auditory-motor systems previously described as participating in native language processing (cortical areas of the dorsal route for language processing and the AF that connects them) may also be recruited during exposure to new linguistic or musical material, being refined after sustained music practice.
| Author | : Jennifer Anne Bailey |
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| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2013 |
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| Author | : Isabelle Peretz |
| Publisher | : Odile Jacob |
| Total Pages | : 88 |
| Release | : 2019-09-20 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 2738151132 |
How does the process of learning music impact our brain? To what extent does it foster curiosity, attention and enhance memory? How is it linked with reading, learning languages, or mathematical thinking? Does a child need a musical ear to develop musical ability and make progress in music? Is there an age limit for learning music? At a time when music education is being drastically cut, in connection with a “back to basics” rhetoric spreading over the field of education, there is also a growing interest in demonstrating and experiencing the way music can boost literacy, fine motor skills, memory, but also social behavior, altruism and... happiness! A world-renowned expert on music and the brain, Isabelle Peretz takes up the joint challenge of enlightening us on the main findings of more than thirty years of neurobiological research on music and education, and translating them, where possible, into actionable recommendations directly applicable to the music room. Written in both lively and straightforward language, her book details the various ways in which music can transform our brain, for the better. It makes the main findings of the neuroscience of music accessible to all those involved in music education —aspiring musicians, professors, learning adults, parents, or educational advisors. An indispensable guide to understanding and promoting best practice in musical education. Dr Isabelle Peretz is a professor of Psychology at University of Montréal, where she holds a Canada Research Chair and a Casavant Chair in neurocognition of music.
| Author | : Etienne De Villers-Sidani |
| Publisher | : Frontiers E-books |
| Total Pages | : 167 |
| Release | : 2014-11-21 |
| Genre | : Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry |
| ISBN | : 2889193276 |
The impact of training or experience is not the same at all points in development. Children who receive music lessons, or learn a second language before age 7-8 are more proficient as adults. Early exposure to drugs or trauma makes people more likely to become addicted or depressed later life. Rat pups exposed to specific frequencies from 9-13 days post-partum show expanded cortical representations of these frequencies. Young birds must hear and copy their native song within 1-2 months of birth or they may never learn it at all. These are examples of sensitive periods: developmental windows where maturation and specific experience interact to produce differential long-term effects on the brain and behavior. While still controversial, evidence for the existence of sensitive periods has grown, as has our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of brain plasticity. Behavioral evidence from studies of language, psychopathology or vision in humans has been complemented by evidence elucidating molecular, gene and hormonal mechanisms in animals. It has been proposed that sensitive periods can be both opened and closed by specific experience, and that there are multiple, overlapping sensitive periods that occur through-out development as functions come on line. It is also likely that experience-dependent behavioral or brain plasticity accrued during one sensitive period can serve as a scaffold on which later experience and plasticity can build. Based on current knowledge, there are a number of broad questions and challenges to be addressed in this domain, these include: generating new information about the neurobiological mediators of structural and functional changes; proposing models of brain development that will better predict when sensitive periods should occur and what functions are implicated; investigation of the interaction between experience during a sensitive period and pre-existing individual differences; and the relationship between experience during a sensitive period and on-going experience. The goal of this Research Topic is to bring together scientists in different fields whose work addresses these issues, including animal and human developmental neuroscience, language and cognitive development, education, developmental psychopathology and sensory neuroscience.
| Author | : Eduardo Martínez-Montes |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 178 |
| Release | : 2016-11-04 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 2889450066 |
In the last decade, important discoveries have been made in cognitive neuroscience regarding brain plasticity and learning such as the mirror neurons system and the anatomo-functional organization of perceptual, cognitive and motor abilities.... Time has come to consider the societal impact of these findings. The aim of this Research Topic of Frontiers in Psychology is to concentrate on two domains: neuro-education and neuro-rehabilitation. At the interface between neuroscience, psychology and education, neuro-education is a new inter-disciplinary emerging field that aims at developing new education programs based on results from cognitive neuroscience and psychology. For instance, brain-based learning methods are flourishing but few have been rigorously tested using well-controlled procedures. Authors of this Research Topic will present their latest findings in this domain using rigorously controlled experiments. Neuro-rehabilitation aims at developing new rehabilitation methods for children and adults with learning disorders. Neuro-rehabilitation programs can be based upon a relatively low number of patients and controls or on large clinical trials to test for the efficiency of new treatments. These projects may also aim at testing the efficiency of video-games and of new methods such as Trans Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for therapeutic interventions in children or adolescents with learning disabilities. This Research Topic will bring together neuroscientists interested in brain plasticity and the effects of training, psychologists working with adults as well as with normally developing children and children with learning disabilities as well as education researchers directly confronted with the efficiency of education programs. The goal for each author is to describe the state of the art in his/her specific research domain and to illustrate how her/his research findings can impact education in the classroom or rehabilitation of children and adolescents with learning disorders.
| Author | : Falisha Karpati |
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| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2017 |
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"Individuals with specialized training provide a unique opportunity to investigate training-associated brain plasticity and brain-behaviour relationships. Expert dancers and musicians allow for the study of the brain and behavioural correlates of long-term, intensive practice of sensorimotor skills. This dissertation aims to investigate the behavioural and gray matter structural correlates of dance versus music. This was accomplished by comparing performance on dance- and music- related tasks as well as multiple measures of gray matter structure between expert dancers, expert musicians and untrained controls. Correlations between gray matter structure and task performance were also examined. In the first of three studies, performance on a battery of dance- and music-related tasks was compared between dancers, musicians and controls. Distinct enhancements in sensorimotor skills were observed in both dancers and musicians relative to controls. In the second study, local gray matter structure as measured by voxel- and surface-based morphometry was compared between these groups and correlated with task scores. Both dancers and musicians showed increased cortical thickness in overlapping superior temporal regions relative to controls, and gray matter structure in this area was related to performance on both dance- and music-related tasks. Gray matter concentration in inferior frontal regions was correlated with dance task performance. These results suggest that the superior temporal region may be similarly associated with both dance and music. In addition, dance may possess a unique association with structure in frontal regions. This relationship between dance and structure in frontal regions was furthered by the third study, in which structural covariance networks were investigated in dancers, musicians and controls as well as in correlation with task scores. A unique structural covariance network in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was observed in dancers. A corresponding correlation between structural covariance in this area and dance task performance was also observed. These results suggest an influence of local training-related factors on structure in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in dancers. They also indicate that the effects of training-associated brain plasticity may include interregional structural relationships in addition to local structural changes. Taken together, these findings suggest that the characteristics that dance and music share (e.g., sensorimotor integration) may be similarly associated with gray matter structure in superior temporal regions. In addition, the characteristics in which dance and music differ (e.g., whole-body versus effector-specific movements, following versus producing sound) may have unique relationships with gray matter structure in frontal regions. These studies corroborate evidence that a multi-method approach increases comprehensiveness and detail of gray matter structural analysis relative to a single measure, as the different measures provided unique but complementary results. The studies in this dissertation were the first to investigate gray matter structure in dancers using multiple measures, correlate gray matter structure to dance ability, and compare the behavioural and gray matter structural correlates of dance versus music. The findings increase understanding of training-associated brain plasticity and brain-behaviour relationships, which can be applied to the development of dance- and music-based therapy programs for clinical populations." --
| Author | : Teppo Särkämö |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 310 |
| Release | : 2016-08-05 |
| Genre | : Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry |
| ISBN | : 2889198316 |
Music is an important source of enjoyment, learning, and well-being in life as well as a rich, powerful, and versatile stimulus for the brain. With the advance of modern neuroimaging techniques during the past decades, we are now beginning to understand better what goes on in the healthy brain when we hear, play, think, and feel music and how the structure and function of the brain can change as a result of musical training and expertise. For more than a century, music has also been studied in the field of neurology where the focus has mostly been on musical deficits and symptoms caused by neurological illness (e.g., amusia, musicogenic epilepsy) or on occupational diseases of professional musicians (e.g., focal dystonia, hearing loss). Recently, however, there has been increasing interest and progress also in adopting music as a therapeutic tool in neurological rehabilitation, and many novel music-based rehabilitation methods have been developed to facilitate motor, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning of infants, children and adults suffering from a debilitating neurological illness or disorder. Traditionally, the fields of music neuroscience and music therapy have progressed rather independently, but they are now beginning to integrate and merge in clinical neurology, providing novel and important information about how music is processed in the damaged or abnormal brain, how structural and functional recovery of the brain can be enhanced by music-based rehabilitation methods, and what neural mechanisms underlie the therapeutic effects of music. Ideally, this information can be used to better understand how and why music works in rehabilitation and to develop more effective music-based applications that can be targeted and tailored towards individual rehabilitation needs. The aim of this Research Topic is to bring together research across multiple disciplines with a special focus on music, brain, and neurological rehabilitation. We encourage researchers working in the field to submit a paper presenting either original empirical research, novel theoretical or conceptual perspectives, a review, or methodological advances related to following two core topics: 1) how are musical skills and attributes (e.g., perceiving music, experiencing music emotionally, playing or singing) affected by a developmental or acquired neurological illness or disorder (for example, stroke, aphasia, brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, autism, ADHD, dyslexia, focal dystonia, or tinnitus) and 2) what is the applicability, effectiveness, and mechanisms of music-based rehabilitation methods for persons with a neurological illness or disorder? Research methodology can include behavioural, physiological and/or neuroimaging techniques, and studies can be either clinical group studies or case studies (studies of healthy subjects are applicable only if their findings have clear clinical implications).
| Author | : Susan Hallam |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 985 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : Education |
| ISBN | : 019872294X |
"[This edition] updates the original landmark text and provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments in this fast-growing area of research. Covering both experimental and theoretical perspectives, each of the 11 sections is edited by an internationally recognised authority in the area"--Jacket.
