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| Author | : Laura Musazzi |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 218 |
| Release | : 2021-12-30 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 2889718875 |
| Author | : Rebecca M. Shansky |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 430 |
| Release | : 2015-09-14 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0128021985 |
Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System offers a comprehensive examination of the current state of sex differences research, from both the basic science and clinical research perspectives. Given the current NIH directive that funded preclinical research must consider both females and males, this topic is of interest to an increasing percentage of the neuroscience research population. The volume serves as an invaluable resource, offering coverage of a wide range of topics: sex differences in cognition, learning, and memory, sex hormone signaling mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions, epigenetics, social behavior, neurologic disease, psychological disorders, and stress. Discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations are included. Details how sex hormones have widespread effects on the nervous system and influence the way males and females function Assists readers in determining how sex impacts their research and practice, and assists in determining how to adjust research programs to incorporate sex influences Includes discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations, and at various developmental stages Features revised and updated chapters by leaders in the field around the globe—the broadest, most expert coverage available
| Author | : Tuck Cheong Ngun |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 173 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The brains of males and females are different anatomically and chemically. There are also sex differences in neurological disease, cognition and behavior that are presumed to be downstream consequences. Two main factors have been implicated in sexual differentiation of the brain: gonadal hormones and direct genetic effects. Here, we explore the role of sex chromosomes in the brain and behavior and the molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of these factors. We investigated the contribution of sex chromosomes to sex differences in brain and behavior by studying a novel mouse model of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) termed the Sex Chromosome Trisomy (SCT) model. KS is characterized by the presence of an additional X chromosome in men. We investigated the extent of feminization in XXY male mice. We found that partner preference in XXY males is feminized and that these differences are likely due to interactions of the additional X chromosome with the Y. We also found that expression of a small but highly significant proportion of genes is feminized in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis/preoptic area (BNST/POA) of XXY males, which represent strong candidates for dissecting the molecular pathways responsible for KS-specific phenotypes. We also investigated whether DNA methylation could be one of the molecular mechanisms that mediate the long-lasting, irreversible effects of perinatal testosterone in the BNST/POA. Using a genome-wide approach, we found that methylation at 45 genes was affected three days after the exposure. This number ballooned to 740 in adult animals. There was also a shift to a more masculine pattern of DNA methylation during adulthood in females that had seen perinatal testosterone. These results strongly suggest that perinatal testosterone confers an initial imprint that is amplified over postnatal development. We also observed sex differences in methylation at numerous genes. The interplay between gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes is a complex one. Collectively, our results provide further support for the theory of direct genetic effects in brain sexual differentiation and suggest that DNA methylation may be one mechanism that mediates not only the effects of gonadal hormones but also direct genetic effects.
| Author | : Institute of Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 287 |
| Release | : 2001-07-02 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309132975 |
It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.
| Author | : Maria Teresa Ferretti |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 514 |
| Release | : 2021-07-23 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 012819345X |
Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Women’s Brain Project offers for the first time a critical overview of the evidence documenting sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease neurobiology, biomarkers, clinical presentation, treatment, clinical trials and their outcomes, and socioeconomic impact on both patients and caregivers. This knowledge is crucial for clinical development, digital health solutions, as well as social and psychological support to Alzheimer’s disease families, in the frame of a precision medicine approach to Alzheimer’s disease.This book brings together up-to-date findings from a variety of experts, covering basic neuroscience, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, clinical trials development, socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial support. Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia, remains an unmet medical need for the planet. Wide interpersonal variability in disease onset, presentation, and biomarker profile make Alzheimer’s a clinical challenge to neuroscientists, clinicians, and drug developers alike, resulting in huge management costs for health systems and society. Not only do women represent the majority of Alzheimer’s disease patients, but they also represent two-thirds of caregivers. Understanding sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease will lead to novel insights into disease mechanisms, and will be crucial for personalized disease management strategies and solutions, involving both the patient and their family. Endorsements/Reviews: "There is a clear sex and gender gap in outcomes for brain health disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, with strikingly negative outcomes for women. This understanding calls for a more systematic way of approaching this issue of inequality. This book effectively highlights and frames inequalities in all areas across the translational spectrum from bench-to-bedside and from boardroom-to-policy and economics. Closing the Brain Health Gap will help economies create recovery and prepare our systems for future global shocks." Harris A. Eyre MBBS, PhD, co-lead, Neuroscience-inspired Policy Initiative, OECD and PRODEO Institute. Instructor in Brain Health Diplomacy, Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF and TCD. "Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's disease is the most important title to emerge on Alzheimer's disease in recent years.This comprehensive, multidisciplinary book is a must read for anyone with a serious interest in dementia prevention, diagnosis, treatment, care, cure and research. Precision medicine is the future of healthcare and this book represents an incredible and necessary resource to guide practice, policy and research in light of the fact that Alzheimer's disease disproportionately affects women. The combination of contributions from the most eminent experts and the most up-to-date research makes this an invaluable resource for clinicians, care providers, academics, researchers and policy makers. Given the complex nature of dementia and the multiple factors that influence risk and disease trajectory the scope of the book is both impressive and important covering sex differences in neurobiological processes, sex and gender differences in clinical aspects and gender differences linked to socioeconomic factors relevant to Alzheimer's disease. If you work in Alzheimer's disease, or indeed other dementias, then Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's disease is a must have for your bookshelf." -- Sabina Brennan, PhD., C.Psychol.,PsSI., National representative for Ireland on Alzheimer Disease International's Medical and Scientific Advisory Panel
| Author | : Jill B. Becker |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 506 |
| Release | : 2007-12-04 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0198042558 |
Within the basic and clinical biomedical research community, there is increasing recognition that differences between males and females across the lifespan affect an individual's health, his/her development of disease, signs and symptoms of pathophysiology, and response to therapy. This book is intended as a resource for scientists, clinicians, and students of the nervous system and behavior- a trove of practical information about how to study sex differences in the brain as well as a discussion of what is already known on the topic.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 217 |
| Release | : 2010-12-03 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 0444536310 |
This volume of Progress in Brain Research documents recent developments and research findings in relation to sex and how the brain’s function and behavior differs from men to women. Specific areas include cerebral function, morphology and organization, sexual dimorphism, neural origins,and genetics and epigenetics, as well as potential causes/affects of stress, pain, sexual orientation and identity and other social issues such as distribution of disorders across the sexes and autism. Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field Highlights areas for future research Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts
| Author | : Donald W. Pfaff |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2016-10-27 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9781493934737 |
Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.
| Author | : R. V. Short |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 496 |
| Release | : 1994-08-04 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 9780521448789 |
In most animals, from bees to bison, house flies to humans, it is possible to see at a glance whether an individual is male or female. How and why have these differences in appearance and behaviour developed and what are the nature and extent of the differences between men and women? This book reviews the latest molecular, genetic, hormonal, anatomical and behavioural data in a wide range of species in a series of lively and highly readable articles from the world's leading experts in this field. Such an overview has never before been attempted. It will have a wide appeal, especially to undergraduates and graduates in the biological and medical sciences, and will help to bridge the gap between those who study genes and molecules in the laboratory and those who study the behaviour of animals in the wild.
| Author | : Fanny M. Cheung |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 1524 |
| Release | : 2020-08-06 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 1108602185 |
There is a growing knowledge base in understanding the differences and similarities between women and men, as well as the diversities among women and sexualities. Although genetic and biological characteristics define human beings conventionally as women and men, their experiences are contextualized in multiple dimensions in terms of gender, sexuality, class, age, ethnicity, and other social dimensions. Beyond the biological and genetic basis of gender differences, gender intersects with culture and other social locations which affect the socialization and development of women across their life span. This handbook provides a comprehensive and up-to-date resource to understand the intersectionality of gender differences, to dispel myths, and to examine gender-relevant as well as culturally relevant implications and appropriate interventions. Featuring a truly international mix of contributors, and incorporating cross-cultural research and comparative perspectives, this handbook will inform mainstream psychology of the international literature on the psychology of women and gender.
