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| Author | : Marian Krzyzaniak |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 38 |
| Release | : 1972 |
| Genre | : Brain drain |
| ISBN | : |
Economic analysis of long term trends in the incidence of educational expenditure in the USA - comprises a growth model which interprets government policy, the tax burden, and the cost of education. References.
| Author | : Marian Krzyzaniak |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 74 |
| Release | : 1970 |
| Genre | : Education |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Mark Gradstein |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 16 |
| Release | : 2003 |
| Genre | : Education |
| ISBN | : 1205145559 |
Public provision of education has often been perceived as universal and egalitarian, but in reality it is not. Political pressure typically results in incidence bias in favor of the rich. The author argues that the bias in political influence resulting from extreme income inequalities is particularly likely to generate an incidence bias, which we call social exclusion. This may then lead to a feedback mechanism whereby inequality in the incidence of public spending on education breeds higher income inequality, thus generating multiple equilibria: with social exclusion and high inequality; and with social inclusion and relatively low inequality. The author also shows that the latter equilibrium leads to higher long-run growth than the former. An extension of the basic model reveals that spillover effects among members of social groups differentiated by race or ethnicity may reinforce the support for social exclusion.
| Author | : Caroline M. Hoxby |
| Publisher | : University of Chicago Press |
| Total Pages | : 367 |
| Release | : 2007-11-01 |
| Genre | : Education |
| ISBN | : 0226355349 |
Now that the U.S. Supreme Court has declared school voucher programs constitutional, the many unanswered questions concerning the potential effects of school choice will become especially pressing. Contributors to this volume draw on state-of-the-art economic methods to answer some of these questions, investigating the ways in which school choice affects a wide range of issues. Combining the results of empirical research with analyses of the basic economic forces underlying local education markets, The Economics of School Choice presents evidence concerning the impact of school choice on student achievement, school productivity, teachers, and special education. It also tackles difficult questions such as whether school choice affects where people decide to live and how choice can be integrated into a system of school financing that gives children from different backgrounds equal access to resources. Contributors discuss the latest findings on Florida's school choice program as well as voucher programs and charter schools in several other states. The resulting volume not only reveals the promise of school choice, but examines its pitfalls as well, showing how programs can be designed that exploit the idea's potential but avoid its worst effects. With school choice programs gradually becoming both more possible and more popular, this book stands out as an essential exploration of the effects such programs will have, and a necessary resource for anyone interested in the idea of school choice.
| Author | : Mark Gradstein |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 16 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Public provision of education has often been perceived as universal and egalitarian, but in reality it is not. Political pressure typically results in incidence bias in favor of the rich. Gradstein argues that the bias in political influence resulting from extreme income inequalities is particularly likely to generate an incidence bias, which we call social exclusion. This may then lead to a feedback mechanism whereby inequality in the incidence of public spending on education breeds higher income inequality, thus generating multiple equilibria: with social exclusion and high inequality; and with social inclusion and relatively low inequality. The author also shows that the latter equilibrium leads to higher long-run growth than the former. An extension of the basic model reveals that spillover effects among members of social groups differentiated by race or ethnicity may reinforce the support for social exclusion.This paper - a product of Public Services, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes and the consequences of incidence biases in public spending.
| Author | : Mark Wayland Millin |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 196 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The substantive part of this thesis comprises three empirical chapters on national-level (total) public spending on education. It encompasses three related topics in Comparative Public (Education) Finance with Wagner’s law (after German Economist, Adolph Wagner, 1835-1917) of public sector growth providing the theoretical ‘theme’ linking all three empirical topics. All three empirical inquiries make use of the same (unbalanced) panel dataset, predominantly sourced from the World Bank, to operationalise a country-comparative study from 1989 to 2015. The national effort (spending as a share of GDP) and budget share (spending as a share of total government spending) are the two outcome measures of choice. For the most part, the size of government (total government spending as a share of GDP) is the key explanatory variable of interest, with a host of other controls ranging from economic, political, demographic, globalisation and social factors. The first empirical chapter looks at heterogeneity, and conjectures the existence of differences in the mean levels of education spending for economically and politically distinct groups of countries. The primary method applied is a generalised-form t-test using a regression framework. The key finding is summarised in the form of three inequality propositions about education spending and the size of government for richer versus poorer countries. These propositions could also be applied to other areas of public financing. The second empirical chapter can be described as one of comparative dynamics, and makes use of various dynamic specifications in the form of an error-correction model framework. It conjectures the existence of cyclical (short-run) effects being particularly well-evidenced for richer countries, which is shown to be the case. One explanation for this finding is that richer countries have a greater variety of fiscal components with which education ‘competes’ during periods of cyclical downturn (e.g., welfare). The third empirical chapter can be described as one of comparative statics, and applies a panel time-series method. It conjectures the level (long-run) relationship between the national effort (budget share) measure and size of government is positive (negative). The sign of the relationship in each case is broadly shown to hold true. For the national effort measure, common effects are particularly well-evidenced for richer countries, possibly suggestive of it being a benchmark comparative measure for these types of countries. For the budget share measure, a significant negative relationship for poorer countries, but insignificant relationship for richer countries, is possibly explained by the latter having larger, more mature and stable public sectors, for which the budget share measure is already very low and/or relatively stable around some mean level, to a greater or lesser extent, meaning no long-run relationship is necessarily expected in richer countries.
| Author | : Mr.Daniel Leigh |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 41 |
| Release | : 2011-07-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1455294691 |
This paper investigates the short-term effects of fiscal consolidation on economic activity in OECD economies. We examine the historical record, including Budget Speeches and IMFdocuments, to identify changes in fiscal policy motivated by a desire to reduce the budget deficit and not by responding to prospective economic conditions. Using this new dataset, our estimates suggest fiscal consolidation has contractionary effects on private domestic demand and GDP. By contrast, estimates based on conventional measures of the fiscal policy stance used in the literature support the expansionary fiscal contractions hypothesis but appear to be biased toward overstating expansionary effects.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 368 |
| Release | : 1999-11-30 |
| Genre | : Education |
| ISBN | : 0309172888 |
The United States annually spends over $300 billion on public elementary and secondary education. As the nation enters the 21st century, it faces a major challenge: how best to tie this financial investment to the goal of high levels of achievement for all students. In addition, policymakers want assurance that education dollars are being raised and used in the most efficient and effective possible ways. The book covers such topics as: Legal and legislative efforts to reduce spending and achievement gaps. The shift from "equity" to "adequacy" as a new standard for determining fairness in education spending. The debate and the evidence over the productivity of American schools. Strategies for using school finance in support of broader reforms aimed at raising student achievement. This book contains a comprehensive review of the theory and practice of financing public schools by federal, state, and local governments in the United States. It distills the best available knowledge about the fairness and productivity of expenditures on education and assesses options for changing the finance system.
| Author | : C. Kirabo Jackson |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 81 |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : Academic achievement |
| ISBN | : |
Since Coleman (1966), many have questioned whether school spending affects student outcomes. The school finance reforms that began in the early 1970s and accelerated in the 1980s caused some of the most dramatic changes in the structure of K-12 education spending in US history. To study the effect of these school-finance-reform-induced changes in school spending on long-run adult outcomes, we link school spending and school finance reform data to detailed, nationally-representative data on children born between 1955 and 1985 and followed through 2011. We use the timing of the passage of court-mandated reforms, and their associated type of funding formula change, as an exogenous shifter of school spending and we compare the adult outcomes of cohorts that were differentially exposed to school finance reforms, depending on place and year of birth. Event-study and instrumental variable models reveal that a 10 percent increase in per-pupil spending each year for all twelve years of public school leads to 0.27 more completed years of education, 7.25 percent higher wages, and a 3.67 percentage-point reduction in the annual incidence of adult poverty; effects are much more pronounced for children from low-income families. Exogenous spending increases were associated with sizable improvements in measured school quality, including reductions in student-to-teacher ratios, increases in teacher salaries, and longer school years.
| Author | : Sawitree S. Asawanuchit |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 49 |
| Release | : 2003-11-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1451875436 |
This paper provides a primer on benefit incidence analysis (BIA) for macroeconomists and a new data set on the benefit incidence of education and health spending covering 56 countries over 1960-2000, representing a significant improvement in quality and coverage over existing compilations. The paper demonstrates the usefulness of BIA in two dimensions. First, the paper finds, among other things, that overall education and health spending are poorly targeted; benefits from primary education and primary health care go disproportionately to the middle class, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, HIPCs and transition economies; but targeting has improved in the 1990s. Second, simple measures of association show that countries with a more propoor incidence of education and health spending tend to have better education and health outcomes, good governance, high per capita income, and wider accessibility to information. The paper explores policy implications of these findings.
