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| Author | : Jaime P. Girardi |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 254 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : Runoff |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Viktoriya Sirova |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Urban stormwater runoff is a major non-point source of pollutants release into the environment. Pollutants of concern include sediments; heavy metals; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); petroleum hydrocarbons; and chlorinated organic compounds, such as pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Conventional stormwater management practices are designed to dispose of the runoff as quickly as possible, not to treat the pollutants. Low Impact Development (LID) concept is an alternative approach to the conventional framework that attempts to recreate hydrologically functional landscape mimicking pre-development regimes. This research paper assesses the effectiveness of two LID technologies, bioretention and permeable pavements in treating PAHs and common urban runoff metals such as lead, copper and zinc. Select case studies are used to synthesize data collected in the field and in the laboratory. Both technologies appear to be effective at treating metals with the exception of copper. Bioretention removal rates for dissolved zinc and lead range from 77-99% and 7-88% respectively. Removal rates for the same constituents by permeable pavements range from 40-97% and 30-80% respectively. Removal rates for dissolved copper by bioretention and permeable pavements range from export of 26% to removal of 70% and export of 40% to removal of 90% respectively. A clear mechanism behind dissolved copper leaching has not been determined. Bioretention is consistently effective at attenuating PAHs with removal rates ranging from 90-95%. No studies were found that evaluated the ability of permeable pavements to attenuate PAHs. Leaching of nitrogen and phosphate has been reported for both technologies, which presents a concern for nutrients overload. Long-term studies of both technologies in semi-arid climates are limited and require further research to demonstrate their effectiveness. Ongoing maintenance is essential for the continued long-term performance of bioretention and permeable pavements in attenuating pollutants. Making a single statement regarding which of the two technologies is better at producing cleaner effluent is not justified, since both are effective with some exceptions. Most likely, the use of both of these control measures in the treatment train set up would produce the most beneficial results.
| Author | : Richard H. McCuen |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 84 |
| Release | : 1983 |
| Genre | : Storm water retention basins |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Richard Field |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 108 |
| Release | : 1977 |
| Genre | : Urban runoff |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 611 |
| Release | : 2009-03-17 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 0309125391 |
The rapid conversion of land to urban and suburban areas has profoundly altered how water flows during and following storm events, putting higher volumes of water and more pollutants into the nation's rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These changes have degraded water quality and habitat in virtually every urban stream system. The Clean Water Act regulatory framework for addressing sewage and industrial wastes is not well suited to the more difficult problem of stormwater discharges. This book calls for an entirely new permitting structure that would put authority and accountability for stormwater discharges at the municipal level. A number of additional actions, such as conserving natural areas, reducing hard surface cover (e.g., roads and parking lots), and retrofitting urban areas with features that hold and treat stormwater, are recommended.
| Author | : Richard Field |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 702 |
| Release | : 2000-06-27 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9781566769143 |
The 20th century's automobile-inspired land use changes brought about tremendous transformations in how stormwater moves across the modern urban land-scape. Streets and parking areas in the average urban family's neighborhood now exceed the amount of land devoted to living space. Add parking, office and commercial space, and it's easy to understand how modern cities have experienced a three-fold increase in impervious areas. Traditional wet weather collection systems removed stormwater from urban areas as quickly as possible, often transferring problems downstream. Innovative Urban WetWeather Flow Management Systems does two things: It considers the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of urban runoff; then describes innovative methods for improving wet weather flow (WWF) management systems. The result of extensive research, Innovative Urban Wet-Weather Flow Manage-ment Systems looks most at how to handle runoff in developments of the 21st century: the confl icting objectives of providing drainage while decreasing stormwater pollutant discharges; the impact of urban WWF on surface and groundwater, such as smaller urban stream channels scoured by high peak flows; sediment transport and the toxic effects of WWF on aquatic organisms; the effectiveness of WWF controls-including design guidelines and source and downstream controls-are an important issue. Innovative Urban Wet-Weather Flow Management Systems looks at how source controls like biofi ltration, created through simple grading, may work in newly developing areas, while critical source areas like an auto service facilities, may need more extensive treatment strategies. Focusing WWF treatment on intensively used areas, such as the 20 percent of streets that handle the bulk of the traffic, and under utilized parking areas is also considered. Developing a more integrated water supply system-collecting, treating, and disposing of wastewater, and handling urban WWF-requires innovative methods, such as a neighborhood-scale system that would recycle treated wastewater and storm water for lawn watering and toilet flushing, or use treated roof runoff for potable purposes.
| Author | : Edwin Herricks |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 482 |
| Release | : 1995-07-25 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9781566701594 |
The primary focus of stormwater and urban runoff research during the past twenty-five years has been on the physical description and the chemical quality assessment of runoff events and the design and implementation of the best management practices to control these events. There is a definite need for more effective integration of receiving system issues in the management and regulation of stormwater runoff. This book successfully brings together a diverse group of environmental specialists to address the issues surrounding the assessment, management, and control of stormwater, and more specifically urban runoff, from a receiving system perspective. The book's emphasis on the receiving system is timely, coming during a period when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is placing increasing emphasis on wet weather conditions through a new permit program for stormwater runoff and a policy on combined sewer overflows. Stormwater Runoff and Receiving Systems covers biocriteria, assessment of receiving water integrity, and integrated watershed analysis-all aspects of current water quality management programs for both industrial and municipal areas. More than thirty chapters are divided into six sections, offering in-depth discussions on various issues relating to stormwater, urban runoff, and receiving systems; impacts; uncertainty and risk; study design; impact mitigation; and issues analysis. Anyone who deals with regulatory programs requiring stormwater effect assessment including more than sampling and analysis of chemical water quality parameters in effluents will find this reference particularly useful.
| Author | : Water Environment Federation |
| Publisher | : ASCE Publications |
| Total Pages | : 304 |
| Release | : 1998-01-01 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9781572780392 |
This manual comprises a holistic view of urban runoff quality management. For the beginner, who has little previous exposure to urban runoff quality management, the manual covers the entire subject area from sources and effects of pollutants in urban runoff through the development of management plans and the design of controls. For the municipal stormwater management agency, guidance is given for developing a water quality management plan that takes into account receiving water use objectives, local climatology, regulation, financing and cost, and procedures for comparing various types of controls for suitability and cost effectiveness in a particular area. This guidance will also assist owners of large-scale urban development projects in cost-effectively and aesthetically integrating water quality control to the drainage plan. The manual is also directed to designers who desire a self-contained unit that discusses the design of specific quality controls for urban runoff.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : DIANE Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 155 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 1428903364 |
| Author | : Marcia Ferreira |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 91 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
After the success of regulating point-source discharges, the major cause of pollution into waterbodies in the United States is stormwater runoff. Runoff usually runs freely into waterbodies and its capture and treatment are usually challenging and costly. Even though many treatment units currently used in the treatment of stormwater runoff are based on sedimentation principles, there is usually a lack of rational design applied to the study of their performance. Runoff treatment units are usually selected on an empirical estimate of their efficiency as opposed to the theoretical basis of their removal mechanism. The common practice is to measure one parameter (such as total suspended solids) of the influent and effluent of the treatment unit and report percent removal as efficiency measurement. However, this practice may not translate in the good removal of pollutants. This work reports the concentration of fourteen metals as they appear in the dissolved phase and over four particulate size fractions (0.45-8um, 8-20um, 20-100um, and>100um). For all the metals, the size fraction 8-20$\mu$m had the highest concentration and particle strength. This observation emphasizes the importance the importance of studying the particulate-phase metals as a function of particle size distribution. In addition, total suspended solids (TSS) did not correlate strongly with the particulate-phase metals concentration. Thus, if the objective of the treatment unit is to reduce a particular pollutant, measuring TSS will not be a good proxy for efficiency measurement. This work also analyzes the performance of a hydrodynamic device and a detention basin in removing particles and pollutants. Particle size distribution affects the removal of particles by sedimentation units and thus simple overall removal efficiency can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the performance. The two full-scale devices analyzed perform well in removing particles within certain size fractions, consistent with sedimentation theory. Using particle size distribution in evaluating treatment unit performance is a more accurate and precise way of determining the actual performance.
