The Destruction Of Hazardous Chemical Waste By Oxidation In Supercritical Water PDF Download
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| Release | : 1989 |
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Download The Destruction of Hazardous Chemical Waste by Oxidation in Supercritical Water Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The chemistry of oxidation in supercritical water is being investigated for development into a practical destruction process for hazardous chemical waste. In principle, a wide variety of waste streams might be treated by this technology, including those that are unsuitable for incineration because of high water content. To establish a basis for extrapolation of kinetic measurements to a variety of compounds, a mechanism is being developed for oxidation in supercritical water on the basis of conventional free-radical reactions, with modifications for high pressures and high concentrations of water. Global rate expressions for oxidation of methane and methanol in supercritical water have been determined. A base mechanism and modifications to the mechanism to account for the roles of hydrogen bonding and water dimer formation have been investigated for CO. On this limited basis, reasonable agreement between model and experimental results has been obtained. Further verification of the model with experimental results will provide insight into the roles of hydrogen bonding and water dimer formation in oxidation in supercritical water. 30 refs., 3 tabs.
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| Total Pages | : 83 |
| Release | : 1985 |
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Download Detoxification and Disposal of Hazardous Organic Chemicals by Processing in Supercritical Water Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
A new process for the destruction of hazardous waste makes use of supercritical water (SCW) as the medium for a rapid and highly efficient oxidation reaction. Destruction efficiencies of 99.99% and greater have been achieved for a broad spectrum of organic chloride compounds and solvents. This report presents the results of bench scale tests of the SCW system on a variety of compounds which yielded information on destruction efficiency, performance capacity, reaction kinetics, fate of inorganic heteroatoms and system corrosion. Keywords: Supercritical water; Hazardous waste, Destruction; Oxidation, Hazardous materials.
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| Total Pages | : 80 |
| Release | : 1994 |
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Download Destruction of Navy Hazardous Wastes by Supercritical Water Oxidation Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) to destroy organic hazardous wastes generated by Navy industrial activities. Supercritical water oxidation is the low temperature combustion of organic material in the medium of supercritical steam. The study concludes that SCWO is an economically attractive method of destroying a wide variety of hazardous organic wastes. The estimated Navy need for SCWO technology is a minimum of seven waste processing plants, each having a capacity of 1 gallon per minute of organic material. The estimated capital cost of each plant is $6M. The estimated hazardous waste disposal cost is approximately $8 per gallon of organic material, which is substantially lower than the conventional disposal cost of up to $45 per gallon. It is estimated that SCWO can be implemented on a large scale, and in a safe, reliable, and efficient manner. Waste streams that contain a large amount of mineral-acid forming chemical species or that contain a large amount of dissolved solids present a challenge to current SCWO technology.
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| Total Pages | : 15 |
| Release | : 1991 |
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Download Oxidation of Hazardous Waste in Supercritical Water Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Recent experiments at Sandia National Laboratories conducted in conjunction with MODEC Corporation have demonstrated successful clean- up of contaminated water in a supercritical water reactor. These experiments targeted wastes of interest to Department of Energy production facilities. In this paper we present modeling and experimental results for a surrogate waste containing 98% water, 2% methanol, and parts per million of chlorinated hydrocarbons and laser dyes. Our initial modeling results consider only methanol and water. Experimental data are available for inlet and outlet conditions and axial temperature profiles along the outside reactor wall. The purpose of our model is to study the chemical and physical processes inside the reactor. We are particularly interested in the parameters that control the location of the reaction zone. The laboratory-scale reactor operates at 25 MPa., between 300 K and 900 K; it is modeled as a plug-flow reactor with a specified temperature profile. We use Chemkin Real-Gas to calculate mixture density, with the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The elementary reaction set for methanol oxidation and reactions of other C1 and C2 hydrocarbons is based on previous models for gas-phase kinetics. Results from our calculations show that the methanol is 99.9% destroyed at 1/3 the total reactor length. Although we were not able to measure composition of the fluid inside the experimental reactor, this prediction occurs near the location of the highest reactor temperature. This indicates that the chemical reaction is triggered by thermal effects, not kinetic rates. Results from ideal-gas calculations show nearly identical chemical profiles inside the reactor in dimensionless distance. However, reactor residence times are overpredicted by nearly 150% using an ideal-gas assumption. Our results indicate that this oxidation process can be successfully modeled using gas-phase chemical mechanisms. 23 refs., 8 figs.
| Author | : S. F. Rice |
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| Total Pages | : 35 |
| Release | : 1993 |
| Genre | : Hazardous wastes |
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Download Destruction of Representative Navy Wastes Using Supercritical Water Oxidation Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a rapidly emerging technology that presents potential as a hazardous waste treatment method for a wide variety of industrial chemicals ranging from common organic solvents to complex formulations such as paints, lubricating oils, and degreasers. The Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory is contributing to the development of this technology for application to waste materials generated at naval shipyards and bases. These wastes include paint stripping and changeout fluids generated from equipment service procedures as well as herbicides, pesticides, paint, and numerous other materials associated with base facility maintenance. An important design consideration in the development of SCWO systems centers on choosing a reactor operating temperature such that the destruction of the waste organic is sufficiently complete. This report examines the temperature dependence of the oxidation in supercritical water of seven common organic compounds and three industrial commercial materials over the temperature range of 430[degree]C to 585[degree]C and reaction times ranging from seven to thirty seconds at a pressure of 27.5 MPa (4000 psi). The materials studies are methanol, phenol, methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene glycol, acetic acid, methylene chloride, 1,1,1-tichloroethane (TCA), latex paint, motor oil, and Roundup, a commercial general purpose herbicide. The results indicate that for most materials, temperatures over 530[degree]C and residence times near 20 seconds afford destruction efficiencies of greater than 99.95%.
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| Total Pages | : 10 |
| Release | : 1994 |
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Download Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals by Oxidation in Supercritical Water: A Theoretical and Computational Treatment of Mechanisms and Elementary Reactions Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The principal objective of this course of study was the development of detailed kinetic mechanisms which described the oxidation of simple compounds in supercritical water at the elementary reaction level. The compounds chosen were hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Kinetic mechanisms were developed from corresponding high-temperature, low-pressure combustion mechanisms available in the literature. The mechanisms were adapted to the high-pressure conditions of the SCWO environment and the resulting modified mechanisms were used to predict the temporal behavior and temperature and pressure dependence of the oxidation of each compound. The model predictions were then compared to hydrogen and carbon monoxide oxidation data obtained from experimental work carried out in parallel to the kinetic modeling effort. (jg).
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| Total Pages | : 35 |
| Release | : 1993 |
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Download Destruction of Representative Navy Wastes Using Supercritical Water Oxidation. Final Report Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a rapidly emerging technology that presents potential as a hazardous waste treatment method for a wide variety of industrial chemicals ranging from common organic solvents to complex formulations such as paints, lubricating oils, and degreasers. The Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory is contributing to the development of this technology for application to waste materials generated at naval shipyards and bases. These wastes include paint stripping and changeout fluids generated from equipment service procedures as well as herbicides, pesticides, paint, and numerous other materials associated with base facility maintenance. An important design consideration in the development of SCWO systems centers on choosing a reactor operating temperature such that the destruction of the waste organic is sufficiently complete. This report examines the temperature dependence of the oxidation in supercritical water of seven common organic compounds and three industrial commercial materials over the temperature range of 430°C to 585°C and reaction times ranging from seven to thirty seconds at a pressure of 27.5 MPa (4000 psi). The materials studies are methanol, phenol, methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene glycol, acetic acid, methylene chloride, 1,1,1-tichloroethane (TCA), latex paint, motor oil, and Roundup, a commercial general purpose herbicide. The results indicate that for most materials, temperatures over 530°C and residence times near 20 seconds afford destruction efficiencies of greater than 99.95%.
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| Total Pages | : 407 |
| Release | : 1979 |
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Download 病気・救急法・家庭看護 Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 82 |
| Release | : 1998-05-08 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 030917399X |
Download Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Treat Hydrolysate from VX Neutralization Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The U.S. Army has asked the National Research Council (NRC) to evaluate whether supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is an effective and appropriate means of eliminating hazardous or toxic organic constituents in VX hydrolysate for ultimate disposition. The NRC was not asked to conduct an in-depth analysis of the entire integrated VX bulk agent destruction and disposal process for the Newport Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. As the facility design is being finalized (March 1999-April 2000), the NRC will probably be asked to assess all aspects of the facility design, including monitoring, containment, process control, and redundancy, as well as the quantitative risk assessment (QRA). This report outlines the elements of the proposed neutralization/SCWO technology, evaluates the results of ongoing SCWO tests, and makes recommendations concerning aspects of the technology that require further development. The scope of this evaluation did not include evaluations of other potential technologies or management options for the treatment of VX hydrolysate.
| Author | : Committee to Assess Supercritical Water Oxidation System Testing for the Blue Grass Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2013-10-24 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9780309287296 |
Download Assessment of Supercritical Water Oxidation System Testing for the Blue Grass Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Assessment of Supercritical Water Oxidation System Testing for the Blue Grass Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant reviews and evaluates the results of the tests conducted on one of the SCWO units to be provided to Blue Grass Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant. The Army Element, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (ACWA) is responsible for managing the conduct of destruction operations for the remaining 10 percent of the nation's chemical agent stockpile, stored at the Blue Grass Army Depot (Kentucky) and the Pueblo Chemical Depot (Colorado). Facilities to destroy the agents and their associated munitions are currently being constructed at these sites. The Blue Grass Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant (BGCAPP) will destroy chemical agent and some associated energetic materials by a process of chemical neutralization known as hydrolysis. The resulting chemical waste stream is known as hydrolysate. Among the first-of-a-kind equipment to be installed at BGCAPP are three supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) reactor systems. These particular hydrolysate feeds present unique non-agent-related challenges to subsequent processing via SCWO due to their caustic nature and issues of salt management.This report provides recommendations on SCWO systemization testing inclusive of durability testing and discusses systemization testing objectives and concepts.
