The Democratization Of Invention PDF Download
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Author | : B. Zorina Khan |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 352 |
Release | : 2005-09-12 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 9780521811354 |
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This book, first published in 2005, examines the evolution and impact of American intellectual property rights during the 'long nineteenth century'.
Author | : Kenneth Lee Sokoloff |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 48 |
Release | : 1989 |
Genre | : Inventions |
ISBN | : |
Download The Democratization of Invention During Early Industrialization Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
We employ the 1860 Census of Manufactures to study rural antebellum manufacturing in the South and Midwest, and find that manufacturing output per capita was similar across regions in counties specialized in the same agricultural products. The southern deficit in manufactures per capita appears to have been largely attributable to the very low levels of output in counties specialized in cotton production. This implies that it was the South's capabilities for the highly profitable cotton production, not the existence of slavery per se, that was responsible for the region's limited industrial development -- at least in rural areas. The other major finding is that in both the South and the Midwest measured total factor productivity was significantly lower in counties specialized in wheat (the most seasonal of agricultural products as regards labor requirements). This is consistent with suggestions that agricultural districts where the predominant crops were highly seasonal in their requirements for labor were well suited to support manufacturing enterprise during the offpeak periods.
Author | : Marc F. Plattner |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 210 |
Release | : 2000 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : |
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SCOTT (copy 1): From the John Holmes Library collection.
Author | : Eric Von Hippel |
Publisher | : MIT Press |
Total Pages | : 224 |
Release | : 2006-02-17 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 0262250179 |
Download Democratizing Innovation Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The process of user-centered innovation: how it can benefit both users and manufacturers and how its emergence will bring changes in business models and in public policy. Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users—both individuals and firms—often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all.The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products—most notably in the free and open-source software movement—but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses—the custom semiconductor industry is one example—that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R&D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.
Author | : Julia Walter-Herrmann |
Publisher | : transcript Verlag |
Total Pages | : 263 |
Release | : 2014-03-31 |
Genre | : Social Science |
ISBN | : 3839423821 |
Download FabLab Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Ten years after the first FabLab (a so called fabrication laboratory) was opened at MIT, more than 120 FabLabs exist all over the world. Today, it is time to look back at a decade of FabLab activities. This book shows how small production devices, such as laser cutters and 3D printers, and dedicated educationists, researchers and FabLab practitioners transform the fields of learning, work, production, design, maker culture, law and science on a global scale. In this composition experts from various countries, such as Germany, India or the USA, and distinguished academic institutions, such as MIT or Stanford University, discuss theoretical questions and introduce practical approaches concerning FabLab activities.
Author | : Carl Mosk |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2011 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Download The American System of Manufactures Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Imbued with the scientific rationality of the Enlightenment in the period prior to the Civil War Americans actively embraced the use of interchangeable parts and machine tools in manufacturing. Imbued with the Enlightenment concept of equality of opportunity the political architects of the young republic fostered the democratization of invention through the creation of an accessible patent system and the promotion of basic education and universal literacy. The result was a high rate of augmentation of all factors of production, of capital, labor and land. After the Civil War the rates of augmentation interacted with scale economies, accelerating total factor productivity. The resulting overall productivity growth was not induced by the relative supplies of land, labor and capital. In particular it did not have a labor-saving bias.
Author | : Cynthia Farrar |
Publisher | : CUP Archive |
Total Pages | : 324 |
Release | : 1988 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : 9780521375849 |
Download The Origins of Democratic Thinking Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Dr Farrar argues that the development of political theory accompanied the growth of democracy at Athens in the fifth century BC. By analysing the writings of Protagoras, Thucydides and Democritus in the context of political developments and speculation about the universe, she reveals the existence of a distinctive approach to the characterisation of democratic order, and in doing so demonstrates the virtues of Thucydides' historical conception of politics.
Author | : Stephen H. Haber |
Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
Total Pages | : 393 |
Release | : 2021-08-06 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 0197576184 |
Download The Battle over Patents Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
An examination of how the patent system works, imperfections and all, to incentivize innovation Do patents facilitate or frustrate innovation? Lawyers, economists, and politicians who have staked out strong positions in this debate often attempt to validate their claims by invoking the historical record--but they frequently get the history wrong. The Battle over Patents gets it right. Bringing together thoroughly researched essays from prominent historians and social scientists, this volume traces the long and contentious history of patents and examines how they have worked in practice. Editors Stephen H. Haber and Naomi R. Lamoreaux show that patent systems are the result of contending interests at different points in production chains battling over economic surplus. The larger the potential surplus, the more extreme are the efforts of contending parties-now and in the past-to search out, generate, and exploit any and all sources of friction. Patent systems, as human creations, are therefore necessarily ridden with imperfections. This volume explores these shortcomings and explains why, despite all the debate, historically US-style patent systems still dominate all other methods of encouraging inventive activity.
Author | : |
Publisher | : BRILL |
Total Pages | : 258 |
Release | : 2021-08-04 |
Genre | : Social Science |
ISBN | : 9004483225 |
Download Disremembering the Dictatorship Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Most accounts of the Spanish transition to democracy have been celebratory exercises at the service of a stabilizing rather than a critical project of far-reaching reform. As one of the essays in this volume puts it, the “pact of oblivion,” which characterized the Spanish transition to democracy, curtailed any serious attempt to address the legacies of authoritarianism that the new democracy inherited from the Franco era. As a result, those legacies pervaded public discourse even in newly created organs of opinion. As another contributor argues, the Transition was based on the erasure of memory and the invention of a new political tradition. On the other hand, memory and its etiolation have been an object of reflection for a number of film directors and fiction writers, who have probed the return of the repressed under spectral conditions. Above all, this book strives to present memory as a performative exercise of democratic agents and an open field for encounters with different, possibly divergent, and necessarily fragmented recollections. The pact of the Transition could not entirely disguise the naturalization of a society made of winners and losers, nor could it ensure the consolidation of amnesia by political agents and by the tools that create hegemony by shaping opinion. Spanish society is haunted by the specters of a past it has tried to surmount by denying it. It seems unlikely that it can rid itself of its ghosts without in the process undermining the democracy it sought to legitimate through the erasure of memories and the drowning of witnesses' voices in the cacaphony of triumphant modernization.
Author | : Sonja Grimm |
Publisher | : Routledge |
Total Pages | : 163 |
Release | : 2016-04-14 |
Genre | : Political Science |
ISBN | : 1317625455 |
Download The Political Invention of Fragile States Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book investigates the emergence, the dissemination and the reception of the notion of ‘state fragility’. It analyses the process of conceptualisation, examining how the ‘fragile states’ concept was framed by policy makers to describe reality in accordance with their priorities in the fields of development and security. Contributors investigate the instrumental use of the ‘state fragility’ label in the legitimisation of Western policy interventions in countries facing violence and profound poverty. They also emphasise the agency of actors ‘on the receiving end’, describing how the elites and governments in so-called ‘fragile states’ have incorporated and reinterpreted the concept to fit their own political agendas. A first set of articles examines the role played by the World Bank, the OECD, the European Union and the G7+ in the transnational diffusion of the concept, which is understood as a critical element in the new discourse on international aid and security. A second set of papers employs three case studies (Sudan, Indonesia and Uganda) to explore the processes of appropriation, reinterpretation and the strategic use of the ‘fragile state’ concept. This book was originally published as a special issue of Third World Quarterly.