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The Criminal Responsibility of Senior Political and Military Leaders as Principals to International Crimes

The Criminal Responsibility of Senior Political and Military Leaders as Principals to International Crimes
Author: Héctor Olásolo
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Total Pages: 400
Release: 2009-05-15
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1847315089

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As shown by the trials of Slobodan Milosevic, Charles Taylor and Saddam Hussein, the large-scale and systematic commission of international crimes is usually planned and set in motion by senior political and military leaders. Nevertheless, the application of traditional forms of criminal liability leads to the conclusion that they are mere accessories to such crimes. This does not reflect their central role and often results in a punishment which is inappropriately low in view of the impact of their actions and omissions. For these reasons, international criminal law has placed special emphasis on the development of concepts, such as control of the crime and joint criminal enterprise (also known as the common purpose doctrine), which aim at reflecting better the central role played by senior political and military leaders in campaigns of large scale and systematic commission of international crimes. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the case law of the ICTY and the ICTR have, in recent years, played a unique role in the achievement of this goal.


The Relationship Between State and Individual Responsibility for International Crimes

The Relationship Between State and Individual Responsibility for International Crimes
Author: Béatrice I. Bonafè
Publisher: BRILL
Total Pages: 297
Release: 2009
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9004173315

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This book offers a unique comparison between state and individual responsibility for international crimes and examines the theories that can explain the relationship between these two regimes. The study provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the relevant international practice from the standpoint of both international criminal law, and in particular the case law of international criminal tribunals, and state responsibility. The author shows the various connections and issues arising from the parallel establishment of state and individual responsibility for the commission of the same international crimes. These connections indicate a growing need to better co-ordinate these regimes of international responsibility. The author maintains that a general conception, according to which state and individual responsibility are two separate sets of secondary rules attached to the breach of the same primary norms, can help to solve the various issues relating to this dual responsibility. This conception of the complementarity between state and individual responsibility justifies co-ordination and consistent application of these two different regimes, each of which aims to foster compliance with the most important obligations owed to the international community as a whole.


National Trials of International Crimes in Bangladesh

National Trials of International Crimes in Bangladesh
Author: M. Rafiqul Islam
Publisher: BRILL
Total Pages: 536
Release: 2019-03-19
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9004389385

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This book presents an account and interpretation of the major legal issues arising in course of the trial process and their judicial expositions reflected in the judgments and underscores their precedential significance, legacy, and contribution.


Complementarity and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction for Core International Crimes

Complementarity and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction for Core International Crimes
Author: Morten Bergsmo
Publisher: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Total Pages: 314
Release: 2010-08-01
Genre: Law
ISBN: 8293081147

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This book concerns the relationship between the principles of complementarity and universal jurisdiction. Territorial States are normally affected most strongly by core international crimes committed during a conflict or an attack directed against its civilian population. Most victims reside in such States. Most damaged or plundered property is there. Public order and security are violated most severely in the territorial States. It is also on their territory that most of the evidence of the alleged crimes can be found. There are, in other words, obvious policy and practical reasons why States should accord priority to territoriality as a basis of jurisdiction. But is there also an obligation for States to defer exercise of universal jurisdiction of core international crimes to investigation and prosecution of the same crimes by the territorial State? What - if any - is the impact of the principle of complementarity in this respect? These are among the questions discussed in this anthology.


Principles of International Criminal Law

Principles of International Criminal Law
Author: Gerhard Werle
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Total Pages: 787
Release: 2014-08-14
Genre: Law
ISBN: 019100863X

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Principles of International Criminal Law has become one of the most influential textbooks in the field of international criminal justice. It offers a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the foundations and general principles of substantive international criminal law, including thorough discussion of its core crimes. It provides a detailed understanding of the general principles, sources, and evolution of international criminal law, demonstrating how it has developed, and how its application has changed. After establishing the general principles, the book assesses the four key international crimes as defined by the statute of the International Criminal Court: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. This new edition revises and updates work with developments in international criminal justice since 2009. It includes new material on the principle of culpability as one of the fundamental principles of international criminal law, the notion of terrorism as a crime under international law, the concept of direct participation in hostilities, the problem of so-called unlawful combatants, and the issue of targeted killings. The book retains its highly-acclaimed systematic approach and consistent methodology, making the book essential reading for both students and scholars of international criminal law, as well as for practitioners and judges working in the field.


Command Responsibility in International Criminal Law

Command Responsibility in International Criminal Law
Author: Chantal Meloni
Publisher: T.M.C. Asser Press
Total Pages: 286
Release: 2011-08-27
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9789067046060

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Command responsibility doctrine allows military commanders and civilian leaders to be held responsible for crimes committed by their subordinates. This form of responsibility has gained much attention in recent years, but it still presents several open questions and critical difficulties arise in its application. Chantal Meloni's in-depth study of the doctrine traces the roots of such criminal responsibility, from its military origins to its first appearances in the international case law after World War II. Particular attention is paid to the jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals, which extensively elaborated on the issue, and to the provision of Article 28 of the ICC Statute. The systematic analysis of command responsibility outlines its different forms and finds it a proper role within the complex net of responsibilities related to the commission of international crimes.


An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure

An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure
Author: Robert Cryer
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 643
Release: 2019-08-15
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1108481922

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A leading work in the field of international criminal law, which is accessible, comprehensive and up to date.


Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law

Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law
Author: Elies van Sliedregt
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Total Pages: 376
Release: 2012-03-01
Genre: Law
ISBN: 0191627755

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This book examines the concept of individual criminal responsibility for serious violations of international law, i.e. aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Such crimes are rarely committed by single individuals. Rather, international crimes generally connote a plurality of offenders, particularly in the execution of the crimes, which are often orchestrated and masterminded by individuals behind the scene of the crimes who can be termed 'intellectual perpetrators'. For a determination of individual guilt and responsibility, a fair assessment of the mutual relationships between those persons is indispensable. By setting out how to understand and apply concepts such as joint criminal enterprise, superior responsibility, duress, and the defence of superior orders, this work provides a framework for that assessment. It does so by bringing to light the roots of these concepts, which lie not merely in earlier phases of development of international criminal law but also in domestic law and legal doctrine. The book also critically reflects on how criminal responsibility has been developed in the case law of international criminal tribunals and courts. It thus illuminates and analyses the rules on individual responsibility in international law.


Theories of Co-perpetration in International Criminal Law

Theories of Co-perpetration in International Criminal Law
Author: Lachezar D. Yanev
Publisher: BRILL
Total Pages: 654
Release: 2018-05-09
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9004357505

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This book provides a refined definition of co-perpetration responsibility that could be uniformly applied in both the ad hoc- and the treaty-based (ICC Rome Statue) model of international criminal justice.


Protection of Civilians and Individual Accountability

Protection of Civilians and Individual Accountability
Author: Lenneke Sprik
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 128
Release: 2019-08-13
Genre: Law
ISBN: 0429754809

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This book explores the question of whether peacekeeping commanders can be held accountable for a failure to protect the civilian population in the mission area. This requires an assessment of whether peacekeeping commanders have an obligation to act against such serious crimes being committed under domestic and international law. The work uses the cases of the Dutch and Belgian peacekeeping commanders in Srebrenica and Kigali as examples, but it also places the analysis into the context of contemporary peacekeeping operations. It unfolds two main arguments. First, it provides a critical note to the contextual interpretation given to international law in relation to peacekeeping. It is argued that establishing a specific paradigm for peacekeeping operations with clear rules of interpretation and benchmark criteria would benefit peacekeeping and international law by making the contextual interpretation of international law redundant. Second, it is held that alternative options to the existing forms of criminal responsibility for military commanders should be considered, possibly focusing more clearly on failing to fulfil a norm of protection that is specific to peacekeeping and distinct from protective obligations under international human rights law and international humanitarian law.