The Basis Of Toxicity Testing PDF Download
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Author | : National Research Council |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 217 |
Release | : 2007-10-05 |
Genre | : Nature |
ISBN | : 0309109922 |
Download Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Advances in molecular biology and toxicology are paving the way for major improvements in the evaluation of the hazards posed by the large number of chemicals found at low levels in the environment. The National Research Council was asked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to review the state of the science and create a far-reaching vision for the future of toxicity testing. The book finds that developing, improving, and validating new laboratory tools based on recent scientific advances could significantly improve our ability to understand the hazards and risks posed by chemicals. This new knowledge would lead to much more informed environmental regulations and dramatically reduce the need for animal testing because the new tests would be based on human cells and cell components. Substantial scientific efforts and resources will be required to leverage these new technologies to realize the vision, but the result will be a more efficient, informative and less costly system for assessing the hazards posed by industrial chemicals and pesticides.
Author | : National Research Council |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 402 |
Release | : 1993-02-01 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 0309048753 |
Download Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Many of the pesticides applied to food crops in this country are present in foods and may pose risks to human health. Current regulations are intended to protect the health of the general population by controlling pesticide use. This book explores whether the present regulatory approaches adequately protect infants and children, who may differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues. The committee focuses on four major areas: Susceptibility: Are children more susceptible or less susceptible than adults to the effects of dietary exposure to pesticides? Exposure: What foods do infants and children eat, and which pesticides and how much of them are present in those foods? Is the current information on consumption and residues adequate to estimate exposure? Toxicity: Are toxicity tests in laboratory animals adequate to predict toxicity in human infants and children? Do the extent and type of toxicity of some chemicals vary by species and by age? Assessing risk: How is dietary exposure to pesticide residues associated with response? How can laboratory data on lifetime exposures of animals be used to derive meaningful estimates of risk to children? Does risk accumulate more rapidly during the early years of life? This book will be of interest to policymakers, administrators of research in the public and private sectors, toxicologists, pediatricians and other health professionals, and the pesticide industry.
Author | : National Research Council |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 270 |
Release | : 2006-04-07 |
Genre | : Nature |
ISBN | : 0309164869 |
Download Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Toxicity testing in laboratory animals provides much of the information used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the hazards and risks associated with exposure to environmental agents that might harm public health or the environment. The data are used to establish maximum acceptable concentrations of environmental agents in drinking water, set permissible limits of exposure of workers, define labeling requirements, establish tolerances for pesticides residues on food, and set other kinds of limits on the basis of risk assessment. Because the number of regulations that require toxicity testing is growing, EPA called for a comprehensive review of established and emerging toxicity-testing methods and strategies. This interim report reviews current toxicity-testing methods and strategies and near-term improvements in toxicity-testing approaches proposed by EPA and others. It identifies several recurring themes and questions in the various reports reviewed. The final report will present a long-range vision and strategic plan to advance the practices of toxicity testing and human health assessment of environmental contaminants.
Author | : Donald J. Ecobichon |
Publisher | : CRC Press |
Total Pages | : 240 |
Release | : 1997-08-11 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 9780849385544 |
Download The Basis of Toxicity Testing Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This substantially updated edition presents fundamental principles and concepts behind the various types of toxicological studies, and explains how to design and conduct studies and interpret results. The text explains the increasing need to monitor, assess, and reevaluate the toxicity database of many agents and evaluates the place of individual studies in the overall toxicological assessment of a chemical. Concise descriptions of the formats of in vivo and in vitro studies and methods used in assessing endpoints of toxicity make this an essential introduction and guide for anyone who needs to understand or conduct toxicological studies. Reflecting increasing interest in the "Three Rs" (Reducing, Refining, and Replacement of existing animal tests) in recent years, the Second Edition includes much more information on a variety of new alternative testing protocols. Particular attention is given to the new in vitro alternative testing procedures being incorporated into EEC regulations. The text also covers studies required by regulatory agencies around the world.
Author | : National Research Council |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 668 |
Release | : 1994-01-01 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 030904894X |
Download Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblownâ€"or when risks are overlookedâ€"public skepticism abounds. This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the "default option" and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public. The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment. This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals.
Author | : Frank A Barile |
Publisher | : CRC Press |
Total Pages | : 368 |
Release | : 2013-04-02 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 1842145282 |
Download Principles of Toxicology Testing, Second Edition Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Nationally, toxicology programs have evolved from a traditional exploration of the chemistry and applied toxicity of chemicals and drugs to a more comprehensive study of toxicology and toxicology testing as independent entities. Consequently, the second edition of Principles of Toxicology Testing starts with basic toxicological principles, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of toxins, including chemicals and drugs. The book then continues with animal (in vivo) and in vitro toxicology testing methods associated with toxicological analysis and preclinical drug development. As in the first edition, the book begins with an introduction into the fundamentals of toxicology (Section I) to prepare readers for the subsequent topics and continues through with a discussion of toxicokinetics and human risk assessment. This introductory material is useful in understanding the applications of toxicology testing. Section II describes the fundamental principles of toxicology testing in animals in greater detail. This section describes acute toxicity studies as well as subchronic and chronic studies performed on animals. Special emphasis is placed on study design and determination of classical indicators for acute and chronic testing, such as the LD50. The book examines other short- and long-term animal toxicity testing methodologies, including dermal, ocular, and reproductive toxicity testing. In addition, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies are also discussed in separate chapters. Section III introduces and discusses in vitro alternatives to animal toxicology tests. This section emphasizes cell culture methodology and cellular methods for acute systemic toxicity, target organ toxicity, and local toxicity. The contributors present the advantages and disadvantages of alternative methods. They also describe the use of high-throughput screening and its applications, the concepts of standardization and validation of in vitro techniques (especially large, organized validation efforts currently supported by US and EU regulatory agencies), and the theories supporting the development of in vitro methodologies. This second edition is a must-read for undergraduate and graduate toxicology students. Industrial and academic research centers will also find the text useful for establishing a toxicology testing laboratory.
Author | : Donald J. Ecobichon |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 160 |
Release | : 1992 |
Genre | : Toxicity testing |
ISBN | : 9780849378140 |
Download The Basis of Toxicity Testing Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
1. Introduction; 2. Preliminary considerations; 3. Acute toxicity studies; 4. Subchronic and chronic studies; 5. Reproductive toxicology.
Author | : Committee on Methods for Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Organisms |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 82 |
Release | : 1975 |
Genre | : Aquatic animals |
ISBN | : |
Download Methods for Acute Toxicity Tests with Fish, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Author | : K. Clive Thompson |
Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
Total Pages | : 408 |
Release | : 2009-02-05 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 140514470X |
Download Environmental Toxicity Testing Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
As an integral component of environmental policy, it has become essential to regulate and monitor toxic substances. Past emphasis has been primarily on analytical approaches to the detection of specific, targeted contaminants, thus allowing chemical characterisation. However, toxicity testing or biological assessment is necessary for ecotoxicological evaluation, and this offers marked benefits and advantages that complement chemical analysis. Key issues to be addressed include identification of pertinent tests, reproducibility and robustness of these tests, and cost considerations.This book examines these issues and describes and explains the approaches that have been developed for environmental toxicity evaluations. Advantages, benefits and drawbacks of the strategies and methods are highlighted. Directed equally at ecotoxicologists, industrial chemists, analytical chemists and environmental consultants, this book is written in a way that will prove helpful to both new and experienced practitioners.
Author | : P.K. Gupta |
Publisher | : Academic Press |
Total Pages | : 424 |
Release | : 2016-08-26 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 0128054034 |
Download Fundamentals of Toxicology Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Fundamentals of Toxicology: Essential Concepts and Applications provides a crisp, easy-to-understand overview of the most important concepts, applications, and ideas needed to learn the basics of toxicology. Written by a pre-eminent toxicologist with over five decades of teaching experience, this comprehensive resource offers the hands-on knowledge needed for a strong foundation in the wide field of toxicology. Fundamentals of Toxicology includes a clear structure divided into five units to assist learning and understanding. The first unit provides extensive coverage on the background of toxicology including commonly used definitions and historical perspective, while following units cover: basic concepts; regulatory requirements and good laboratory practices, including types of toxicology testing and evaluation; toxic agents and adverse effects on health; and analytical, forensic, and diagnostic toxicology. This is an essential book for advanced students in toxicology and across the biomedical sciences, life sciences, and environmental sciences who want to learn the concepts of toxicology, as well as early researchers needing to refresh outside of their specialty. Explains the essential concepts of toxicology in a clear fashion Provides in-depth coverage of testing protocols, common drugs, chemicals, and laboratory-based diagnostic and analytical toxicology Explores the history, foundations, and most recent concepts of toxicology Serves as an essential reference for advanced students in toxicology and across the biomedical, life, and environmental sciences who want to learn the concepts of toxicology