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Interest Rate Models

Interest Rate Models
Author: Andrew J. G. Cairns
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Total Pages: 289
Release: 2018-06-05
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0691187428

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The field of financial mathematics has developed tremendously over the past thirty years, and the underlying models that have taken shape in interest rate markets and bond markets, being much richer in structure than equity-derivative models, are particularly fascinating and complex. This book introduces the tools required for the arbitrage-free modelling of the dynamics of these markets. Andrew Cairns addresses not only seminal works but also modern developments. Refreshingly broad in scope, covering numerical methods, credit risk, and descriptive models, and with an approachable sequence of opening chapters, Interest Rate Models will make readers--be they graduate students, academics, or practitioners--confident enough to develop their own interest rate models or to price nonstandard derivatives using existing models. The mathematical chapters begin with the simple binomial model that introduces many core ideas. But the main chapters work their way systematically through all of the main developments in continuous-time interest rate modelling. The book describes fully the broad range of approaches to interest rate modelling: short-rate models, no-arbitrage models, the Heath-Jarrow-Morton framework, multifactor models, forward measures, positive-interest models, and market models. Later chapters cover some related topics, including numerical methods, credit risk, and model calibration. Significantly, the book develops the martingale approach to bond pricing in detail, concentrating on risk-neutral pricing, before later exploring recent advances in interest rate modelling where different pricing measures are important.


Systematic Mortality Risk

Systematic Mortality Risk
Author: Simon Man Chung Fung
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

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Guaranteed lifetime withdrawal benefits (GLWB) embedded in variable annuities have become an increasingly popular type of life annuity designed to cover sys- tematic mortality risk while providing protection to policyholders from downside investment risk. This paper provides an extensive study of how different sets of financial and demographic parameters affect the fair guaranteed fee charged for a GLWB as well as the profit and loss distribution, using tractable equity and stochastic mortality models in a continuous time framework. We demonstrate the significance of parameter risk, model risk, as well as the systematic mortality risk component underlying the guarantee. We quantify how different levels of equity ex- posure chosen by the policyholder affect the exposure of the guarantee providers to systematic mortality risk. Finally, the effectiveness of a static hedge of systematic mortality risk is examined allowing for different levels of equity exposure.


Stochastic Systematic Mortality Risk Modeling Under Collateral Data and Actuarial Applications

Stochastic Systematic Mortality Risk Modeling Under Collateral Data and Actuarial Applications
Author: Joab Onyango Odhiambo
Publisher: Eliva Press
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023-03-26
Genre:
ISBN: 9789994987313

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Many actuaries worldwide use Systematic Mortality Risk (SMR) to value actuarial products such as annuities and assurances sold to policyholders. Data availability plays an essential role in ascertaining the SMR models' accuracy, and it varies from one country to another. Incorrect stochastic modeling of SMR models due to paucity of data has been a problem for many Sub-Saharan African countries such as Kenya, thus prompting modifications of the classical SMR models used in those countries with limited data availability. This study aimed at modelling SMR stochastically under the collateral data environment such as Sub-Saharan African countries like Kenya and then apply it in the current actuarial valuations. This book has formulated novel stochastic mortality risk models under the collateral data setup. Kenya population data is preferably integrated into the commonly applied stochastic mortality risk models under a 3-factor unitary framework of age-time-cohort. After testing SMR models on the Kenyan data to assess their behaviours, we incorporate the Bühlmann Credibility Approach with random coefficients in modeling. The randomness of the classical SMR models was modeled as NIG distribution instead of Normal distribution due to data paucity in Kenya (use of collateral data environment). The Deep Neural Network (DNN) technique solved data paucity during the SMR model fitting and forecasting. The forecasting performances of the SMR models were done under DNN and, compared with those from conventional models, show powerful empirical illustrations in their precision levels. Numerical results showed that SMR models become more accurate under collateral data after incorporating the BCA with NIG assumptions. The Actuarial valuation of annuities and assurances using the new SMR offered much more accurate valuations when compared to those under classical models. The study's findings should help regulators such as IRA and RBA make policy documents that protect all stakeholders in Kenya's insurance, social protection firms, and pension sectors.


Managing Systematic Mortality Risk in Life Annuities

Managing Systematic Mortality Risk in Life Annuities
Author: Simon Man Chung Fung
Publisher:
Total Pages: 29
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

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Developing a liquid longevity market requires reliable and well-designed financial instruments. An index-based longevity swap and a cap are analyzed in this paper under a tractable stochastic mortality model. The model is calibrated using Australian mortality data and analytical formulas for prices of longevity derivatives are provided. Hedge effectiveness is examined under a hypothetical life annuity portfolio subject to longevity risk. The paper presents various hedging features exhibited by a longevity swap and a cap based on different assumptions underlying the market price of longevity risk, the term to maturity of hedging instruments, as well as the size of the underlying annuity portfolio. The results are demonstrated to have important implications for the optimal use of longevity hedging instruments with linear and nonlinear payoff structures.


Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution

Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 226
Release: 2008-07-21
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 0309177855

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In light of recent evidence on the relationship of ozone to mortality and questions about its implications for benefit analysis, the Environmental Protection Agency asked the National Research Council to establish a committee of experts to evaluate independently the contributions of recent epidemiologic studies to understanding the size of the ozone-mortality effect in the context of benefit analysis. The committee was also asked to assess methods for estimating how much a reduction in short-term exposure to ozone would reduce premature deaths, to assess methods for estimating associated increases in life expectancy, and to assess methods for estimating the monetary value of the reduced risk of premature death and increased life expectancy in the context of health-benefits analysis. Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution details the committee's findings and posits several recommendations to address these issues.


Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2)

Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2)
Author: Robert Black
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Total Pages: 419
Release: 2016-04-11
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1464803684

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The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.


The Global Burden of Disease

The Global Burden of Disease
Author: Christopher J. L. Murray
Publisher: Harvard School of Public Health, Frangois-Xavier Bagnoud Cen
Total Pages: 1034
Release: 1996
Genre: Medical
ISBN:

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The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) provides systematic epidemiological estimates for an unprecedented 150 major health conditions. The GBD provides indispensable global and regional data for health planning, research, and education.


Longevity Risk

Longevity Risk
Author: Frederik Weber
Publisher: VVW GmbH
Total Pages: 245
Release: 2010
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 3862981452

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Die Dissertation von Dr. Frederik Weber erscheint in englischer Sprache. Der demographische Wandel und die steigende Lebenserwartung haben in jüngster Zeit verstärkte Diskussionen in der Öffentlichkeit angeregt. Zusätzlich sinkende Rentenleistungen erfordern ein effizienteres Management der privaten Altersvorsorge. Gleichzeitig ergibt sich aus dieser Tatsache ein erhöhtes Risiko für Rentenanbieter aus der Unsicherheit über die zukünftige Sterblichkeitsentwicklung. Die vorliegende Arbeit beleuchtet dazu zunächst die zugrundeliegende demographische Entwicklung und unterschiedliche Ausprägungen des Langlebigkeitsrisikos. Mögliche Probleme bei der Versicherbarkeit dieses Risikos bieten Anknüpfungspunkte für die optimierte Gestaltung von Versicherungsverträgen. Neben Kohorteneffekten in der Sterblichkeitsentwicklung, für die geeignete Maßzahlen und Kriterien zur Identifikation sogenannter "Select Cohorts" diskutiert werden, steht eine Abschätzung des potenziellen Ausmaßes des Langlebigkeitsrisikos im Mittelpunkt des ersten Teils. In einer Simulation wird die Wechselbeziehung von Langlebigkeits- und Investmentrisiko in Rentenportfolios erörtert. Sie verdeutlicht die Unterschiede beider Risikoarten, zeigt jedoch für das Langlebigkeitsrisiko feinere Muster, die aufgrund fehlender Kapitalmarktinstrumente nicht vollständig abgesichert werden können. Typische Risikomanagement-Optionen erweisen sich in Bezug auf das Langlebigkeitsrisiko überwiegend als wenig hilfreich oder sinnvoll. Einzig ein verändertes aktuarielles Produktdesign in Form einer mortalitätsindexierten Leibrente (Mortality-Indexed Annuity) verspricht eine signifikante Reduktion des Risikos für Versicherer. Dieser Vorteil bestätigt sich in einer weiteren Simulation auch aus Kundenperspektive, so dass diese Produktidee dazu beitragen könnte, Angebot und Nachfrage in einem unterentwickelten Markt für private Rentenversicherungen zu stärken. The demographic transition and increasing life expectancies have increasingly been discussed also in the general public. As a consequence, reduced social security pensions increasingly challenge individuals’ retirement funding to adequately manage the individual longevity risk. In addition, pension providers face the uncertainty regarding future mortality development. The present work sketches the underlying demographic development and distinguishes different forms of longevity risk. Potential drawbacks with respect to its insurability represent natural starting points for a discussion of adequate insurance contract design. Besides cohort effects in mortality reduction, for which suitable measures and criteria to identify so called "select cohorts" are discussed, an appraisal of the potential financial impact of longevity risk is a key objective here. Further insight into its relationship to and interaction with investment risk in life annuity portfolios are the main objective of a simulation study. Although capital market risks exert a stronger direct influence on an insurer’s technical result, longevity risk turns out to be of a more subtle nature. However, this risk cannot yet be hedged with the existing capital market instruments and thus appears worthwhile to be further analyzed. Typical risk management tools prove to be less apt upon closer inspection. Solely, a modified actuarial product design in the form of a life annuity with mortality-indexed benefits shows promise for reducing insurers’ exposure. The advantageousness of such a product concept can also be confirmed from a policyholder’s perspective by means of a further simulation study so that it might contribute to stimulate supply and demand in the underdeveloped market for life annuities.