Studies Of Co And Postseismic Deformation Of The Lithosphere From Numerical Models And Space Geodetic Data PDF Download
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| Author | : Sylvain Barbot |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 217 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Studies of Co- and Postseismic Deformation of the Lithosphere from Numerical Models and Space Geodetic Data Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
In this dissertation, I study the co- and postseismic deformation of the lithosphere using numerical models of three-dimensional time-dependent deformation and space geodetic data. I derive an original approach to simulate the static deformation due to faulting and volcanic unrest in a heterogeneous half space with vertical and lateral variations in elastic moduli. The method is based on a semi-analytic elastic Green function in the Fourier domain. I extend the model to include time-dependent inelastic properties of the lithosphere. This approach can be used to model time series of poroelastic rebound, viscoelastic flow and fault creep, three important mechanisms thought to participate in postseismic transients. I use kinematic inversions and forward models of deformation to infer the postseismic mechanisms responsible for the transient that followed the 2003 Altai earthquake. I find that synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are most compatible with afterslip. The absence of an observable viscoelastic relaxation in the three years following the earthquake can be explained by an effective viscosity of the ductile substrate greater than 1019 Pa s. I use numerical models of coseismic deformation to explain anomalously strained areas in the East California Shear Zone imaged by SAR line-of-sight (LOS) data in the vicinity of the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. I find that the enhanced strain can be explained by compliant zones (CZs) surrounding long-lived faults in the Mojave desert. The LOS data is best explained by a 50% reduction of rigidity in volumes of the order of 1-2 km thick around historical faults that extend from 5 km depth for the Calico CZ to 9 km depth for the Pinto Mountain CZ. Finally, I use kinematic inversion of GPS data and forward models to identify the location and rheology of the afterslip that followed the 2004 Parkfield earthquake. The time dependence and amplitude of GPS time series can be explained by slip on an asperity centered at 5 km depth and governed by a rate-strengthening friction with parameter (a-b)=7 x 10−3, compatible with values obtained from laboratory experiment. The GPS observations show evidence of lateral variations in the frictional properties on the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas fault.
| Author | : Christopher S. Takeuchi |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 135 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781267740472 |
Download Transform Faults and Lithospheric Structure Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
In this dissertation, I study the influence of transform faults on the structure and deformation of the lithosphere, using shipboard and geodetic observations as well as numerical experiments. I use marine topography, gravity, and magnetics to examine the effects of the large age-offset Andrew Bain transform fault on accretionary processes within two adjacent segments of the Southwest Indian Ridge. I infer from morphology, high gravity, and low magnetization that the extremely cold and thick lithosphere associated with the Andrew Bain strongly suppresses melt production and crustal emplacement to the west of the transform fault. These effects are counteracted by enhanced temperature and melt production near the Marion Hotspot, east of the transform fault. I use numerical models to study the development of lithospheric shear zones underneath continental transform faults (e.g. the San Andreas Fault in California), with a particular focus on thermomechanical coupling and shear heating produced by long-term fault slip. I find that these processes may give rise to long-lived localized shear zones, and that such shear zones may in part control the magnitude of stress in the lithosphere. Localized ductile shear participates in both interseismic loading and postseismic relaxation, and predictions of models including shear zones are within observational constraints provided by geodetic and surface heat flow data. I numerically investigate the effects of shear zones on three-dimensional postseismic deformation. I conclude that the presence of a thermally-activated shear zone minimally impacts postseismic deformation, and that thermomechanical coupling alone is unable to generate sufficient localization for postseismic relaxation within a ductile shear zone to kinematically resemble that by aseismic fault creep (afterslip). I find that the current record geodetic observations of postseismic deformation do not provide robust discriminating power between candidate linear and power-law rheologies for the sub-Mojave Desert mantle, but longer observations may potentially allow such discrimination.
| Author | : G. Randy Keller |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 413 |
| Release | : 2011-05-19 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1139502638 |
Download Geoinformatics Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Advanced information technology infrastructure is increasingly being employed in the Earth sciences to provide researchers with efficient access to massive central databases and to integrate diversely formatted information from a variety of sources. These geoinformatics initiatives enable manipulation, modeling and visualization of data in a consistent way, and are helping to develop integrated Earth models at various scales, and from the near surface to the deep interior. This book uses a series of case studies to demonstrate computer and database use across the geosciences. Chapters are thematically grouped into sections that cover data collection and management; modeling and community computational codes; visualization and data representation; knowledge management and data integration; and web services and scientific workflows. Geoinformatics is a fascinating and accessible introduction to this emerging field for readers across the solid Earth sciences and an invaluable reference for researchers interested in initiating new cyberinfrastructure projects of their own.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 5604 |
| Release | : 2015-04-17 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0444538038 |
Download Treatise on Geophysics Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Treatise on Geophysics, Second Edition, is a comprehensive and in-depth study of the physics of the Earth beyond what any geophysics text has provided previously. Thoroughly revised and updated, it provides fundamental and state-of-the-art discussion of all aspects of geophysics. A highlight of the second edition is a new volume on Near Surface Geophysics that discusses the role of geophysics in the exploitation and conservation of natural resources and the assessment of degradation of natural systems by pollution. Additional features include new material in the Planets and Moon, Mantle Dynamics, Core Dynamics, Crustal and Lithosphere Dynamics, Evolution of the Earth, and Geodesy volumes. New material is also presented on the uses of Earth gravity measurements. This title is essential for professionals, researchers, professors, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of Geophysics and Earth system science. Comprehensive and detailed coverage of all aspects of geophysics Fundamental and state-of-the-art discussions of all research topics Integration of topics into a coherent whole
| Author | : R. Sabadini |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 337 |
| Release | : 2014-11-14 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9401717095 |
Download Global Dynamics of the Earth Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This volume opens up new perspectives on the physics of the Earth's interior for graduate students and researchers working in the fields of geophysics and geodesy. It looks at our planet in an integrated fashion, linking the physics of its interior to the geophysical and geodetic techniques that record, over a broad spectrum of spatial wavelengths, the ongoing modifications in the shape and gravity field of the planet. Basic issues related to the rheological properties of the Earth's mantle and to its slow deformation will be understood, in both mathematical and physical terms, within the framework of an analytical normal mode relaxation theory. Fundamentals of this theory are developed in the first, tutorial part. The second part deals with a wide range of applications, ranging from changes in the Earth's rotation to post-seismic deformation and sea-level variations induced by post-glacial rebound. In the study of the physics of the Earth's interior, the book bridges the gap between seismology and geodynamics.
| Author | : Kurt Stüwe |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 451 |
| Release | : 2013-03-09 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3662049805 |
Download Geodynamics of the Lithosphere Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The large scale structure of the earth is caused by geodynamic processes which are explained using energetic, kinematic and dynamic descriptions. While "geodynamic processes" are understood to include a large variety of processes and the term is used by earth scientists quite loosely, the methods of their description involve well defined fields. Energetic descriptions are in volved with distribution of energy in our planet, typically expressed in terms of heat and temperature. Kinematic descriptions describe movements using velocities, strains and strain rates and Dynamic descriptions indicate how stresses and forces behave. As structural and metamorphic geologists we document in the field only the consequences of geological processes. The underlying causes are much harder to constrain directly. However, it is absolutely crucial to understand these causes or: "driving forces", if we are to explain the tectonic evolution of our planet. This book deals with the dynamic description of geological processes. Our descriptions relate causes and consequences - tectonic processes with field observations. In many cases, we will use equations as a concise form to describe processes and observations in nature. As we will be dealing mostly with large scale tectonic questions, the observations that we shall use are also on a large scale. For example, we shall use observations on the elevation (Fig. 1.1, 1.2) and heat flow of mountain ranges, the thickness of continents and the water depth of the oceans.
| Author | : Paul Segall |
| Publisher | : Princeton University Press |
| Total Pages | : 465 |
| Release | : 2010-01-04 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 140083385X |
Download Earthquake and Volcano Deformation Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Earthquake and Volcano Deformation is the first textbook to present the mechanical models of earthquake and volcanic processes, emphasizing earth-surface deformations that can be compared with observations from Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, Interferometric Radar (InSAR), and borehole strain- and tiltmeters. Paul Segall provides the physical and mathematical fundamentals for the models used to interpret deformation measurements near active faults and volcanic centers. Segall highlights analytical methods of continuum mechanics applied to problems of active crustal deformation. Topics include elastic dislocation theory in homogeneous and layered half-spaces, crack models of faults and planar intrusions, elastic fields due to pressurized spherical and ellipsoidal magma chambers, time-dependent deformation resulting from faulting in an elastic layer overlying a viscoelastic half-space and related earthquake cycle models, poroelastic effects due to faulting and magma chamber inflation in a fluid-saturated crust, and the effects of gravity on deformation. He also explains changes in the gravitational field due to faulting and magmatic intrusion, effects of irregular surface topography and earth curvature, and modern concepts in rate- and state-dependent fault friction. This textbook presents sample calculations and compares model predictions against field data from seismic and volcanic settings from around the world. Earthquake and Volcano Deformation requires working knowledge of stress and strain, and advanced calculus. It is appropriate for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in geophysics, geology, and engineering. Professors: A supplementary Instructor's Manual is available for this book. It is restricted to teachers using the text in courses. For information on how to obtain a copy, refer to: http://press.princeton.edu/class_use/solutions.html
| Author | : Yüksel Altiner |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 109 |
| Release | : 2013-04-18 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3662039354 |
Download Analytical Surface Deformation Theory Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Due to plate motions, tidal effects of the Moon and the Sun, atmosphe ric, hydrological, ocean loading and local geological processes, and due to the rotation of the Earth, all points on the Earth's crust are sub ject to deformation. Global plate motion models, based on the ocean floor spreading rates, transform fault azimuths, and earthquake slip vectors, describe average plate motions for a time period of the past few million years. Therefore, the investigation of present-day tectonic activities by global plate motion models in a small area with complex movements cannot supply satisfactory results. The contribution of space techniques [Very Long Baseline Interferome try (VLBI); Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR); Global Positioning System (GPS)] applied to the present-day deformations ofthe Earth's surface and plate tectonics has increased during the last 20 to 25 years. Today one is able to determine by these methods the relative motions in the em to sub-em-range between points far away from each other.
| Author | : Susanne Janita Henriët Buiter |
| Publisher | : Geological Society of London |
| Total Pages | : 462 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9781862391918 |
Download Analogue and Numerical Modelling of Crustal-scale Processes Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The crust of the Earth records the deformational processes of the inner Earth and the influence of the overlying atmosphere. The state of the Earth's crust at any time is therefore the result of internal and external processes, which occur on different time and spatial scales. In recent years important steps forward in the understanding of such complex processes have been made by integrating theory and observations with experimental and computer models. This volume presents state-of-the-art analogue and numerical models of processes that alter the Earth's crust. It shows the application of models in a broad range of geological problems with careful documentation of the modelling approach used. This volume contains contributions on analogue and numerical sandbox models, models of orogenic processes, models of sedimentary basins, models of surface processes and deformation, and models of faults and fluid flow.
| Author | : S. Llana-Fúnez |
| Publisher | : Geological Society of London |
| Total Pages | : 238 |
| Release | : 2014-06-04 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1862396272 |
Download Deformation Structures and Processes within the Continental Crust Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This volume presents a selection of papers showing the current focus of studies of deformation structures and processes within the continental crust. The selected contributions use a large range of analytical techniques suited to the full range of structure sizes and fine-tuned to the physical process that controls the deformation, from the grain boundary at the micro-scale, the lithological contact at the meso-scale to the plate boundary at the global scale. The papers in the volume are grouped into three sections relating to specific lines of research within the analysis of rock deformation structures and processes, in particular in respect to the continental crust: structures within shear zones and faults; magmatic structures, and microstructures and rheology. These sections include papers describing field studies, experimental rock deformation and numerical modelling of deformation processes.
