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| Author | : Gavin Andrews |
| Publisher | : American Psychiatric Pub |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780890423448 |
"Stress-Induced and Fear Circuitry Disorders" reflects findings that may lead to more refined treatments for these conditions based on a better understanding of the biological and environmental factors that contribute to their development.
| Author | : Gavin Andrews |
| Publisher | : American Psychiatric Pub |
| Total Pages | : 332 |
| Release | : 2009-02-20 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0890426554 |
As disorders in which stress or fear play major roles present an increasing need for psychiatric care around the world, this volume summarizes current research to determine whether a specific group of stress-induced and fear-based disorders form a distinct syndrome independent from other anxiety disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or generalized anxiety. Intended to suggest DSM-V revisions regarding the classification of these disorders, Stress-Induced and Fear Circuitry Disorders reflects findings that may lead to more refined treatments for these specific anxiety disorders based on a better understanding of the biological and environmental factors that contribute to their development and symptoms. Thirty contributors, all international authorities on this group of mental illnesses, clarify how these disorders develop and what factors contribute to symptomatology. Focusing on posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder and agoraphobia, social phobias, and specific phobia, the authors explore the possibility of linking the classification and etiology of these conditions by showing that they may be closely related in terms of brain pathophysiology. In addition to assessing the stability of disorders across patient lifespans and determining whether they form a cohesive and distinct group, the authors examine shared etiologies and biopsychosocial correlates, as well as aspects unique to each disorder. Among the book's specific insights: How minority populations, particularly African Americans, are differentially affected by these disorders. The neuronal mechanisms of normal fear and anxiety, including how changes in the genetics of the serotonin system can increase the risk of anxiety. The role of cognition in symptom presentation and treatment, revealing cognitive biases that favor the processing of threat-related information. The contribution of stress and psychosocial factors, such as peer victimization and childhood sexual abuse. The use of neuroimaging to analyze neural structure and function for each of the four disorder groups. How neurochemistry and neuroendocrine markers may aid in classification of anxiety disorders. The contribution of substance abuse to the pathophysiology of these disorders. Given the importance of changes to DSM for professional education and public health, this book offers important new ways of thinking about stress-induced and fear-based disorders. It not only allows researchers to more accurately assess their diagnostic classifications, but also can help clinicians more effectively communicate with patients regarding the nature of their illness and the importance of adhering to treatment regimens.
| Author | : Jack M. Gorman |
| Publisher | : American Psychiatric Pub |
| Total Pages | : 306 |
| Release | : 2008-05-20 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1585626945 |
Animals, like people, experience fear and avoidance, which can be reliably observed, quantified, and manipulated in almost all species. Remarkably, as this volume demonstrates, the neural circuits responsible for the acquisition and expression of fear are conserved throughout phylogeny from rodents through nonhuman primates to humans. Thus, what is discovered about the neuroanatomy and physiology of fear in a mouse can be usefully "translated" to a human with an anxiety disorder. This breakthrough in both neuroscience and mental health research is detailed in 14 fascinating chapters that cover Conditioned fear -- Many scientists have convincingly documented that the amygdala is the essential brain structure in an animal's exhibition of conditioned fear, with the hippocampus required for contextual memory of conditioned fear. Though debate continues, other studies show that the anatomic and physiological findings about conditioned fear are robustly applicable to other forms of fear. The brain structures involved in fear -- The data clearly show that the amygdala is the one area most consistently energized in fear responses of nonhuman and human primates. Patients with anxiety disorders have a lower threshold for amygdala activation than do control subjects; thus, fear cues that do not register an amygdala response in most individuals will do so in anxious patients. Stress effects on brain structure -- It is possible that, based on both animal studies and clinical studies of children and adults, chronic exposure to fear may have deleterious effects on the structural integrity of the brain. The hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable, though stress damage may also occur in regions of the prefrontal cortex, such as the anterior cingulate. The results of translational research can raise concerns that observed negative changes in animal brains might apply to humans, but they can also suggest advantageous interventions, with both psychosocial and psychopharmacology approaches proving effective in reversing not only anxiety disorders but even some changes in the brain. Best of all, using these scientific models of brain function, we can now see psychotherapy and medication as complementary rather than antagonistic, with each addressing different parts of the same fear circuitry. The synthesis of knowledge in this groundbreaking work will appeal to practitioners and students alike, and justifies the optimism of its distinguished contributors that psychiatric research is at last in an era in which unprecedented insights will be gained and progress made toward better treatments.
| Author | : Luke R. Johnson |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 110 |
| Release | : 2016-09-26 |
| Genre | : Electronic book |
| ISBN | : 2889198715 |
The experience of fear and stress leaves an indelible trace on the brain. This indelible trace is observed as both changes in behavior and changes in neuronal structure and function. Fear and stress interact on many levels. The experience of stress may lead to the formation of a fearful memory trace of a place or reminder cue, and fearful memory formation is regulated by the extent of concurrent stress. The concurrent experience of fear and stress may amplify fear and slow fear extinction which may lead to pathology. Fear memory formation involves changes in synaptic plasticity while stress and glucocorticoids change neuronal structure. Thus, both neurons and synapses are changed. These changes can be identified, visualised and mapped within focused microcircuits. In this Research Topic we focus on current advances in both the neurobiology and behavioral consequences of fear and stress.
| Author | : D. Caroline Blanchard |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 535 |
| Release | : 2011-09-02 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 0080559522 |
This Handbook brings together and integrates comprehensively the core approaches to fear and anxiety. Its four sections: Animal models; neural systems; pharmacology; and clinical approaches, provide a range of perspectives that interact to produce new light on these important and sometimes dysfunctional emotions. Fear and anxiety are analyzed as patterns that have evolved on the basis of their adaptive functioning in response to threat. These patterns are stringently selected, providing a close fit with environmental situations and events; they are highly conservative across mammalian species, producing important similarities, along with some systematic differences, in their human expression in comparison to that of nonhuman mammals. These patterns are described, with attention to both adaptive and maladaptive components, and related to new understanding of neuroanatomic, neurotransmitter, and genetic mechanisms. Although chapters in the volume acknowledge important differences in views of fear and anxiety stemming from animal vs. human research, the emphasis of the volume is on a search for an integrated view that will facilitate the use of animal models of anxiety to predict drug response in people; on new technologies that will enable direct evaluation of biological mechanisms in anxiety disorders; and on strengthening the analysis of anxiety disorders as biological phenomena. Integrates animal and human research on fear and anxiety Presents emerging and developing fields of human anxiety research including imaging of anxiety disorders, the genetics of anxiety, the pharmacology of anxiolysis, recent developments in classification of anxiety disorders, linking these to animal work Covers basic research on innate and conditioned responses to threat Presents work from the major laboratories, on fear learning and extinction Reviews research on an array of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems related to fear and anxiety Compares models, and neural systems for learned versus unlearned responses to threat Relates the findings to the study, diagnostics, and treatment of anxiety disorders, the major source of mental illness in modern society (26 % of Americans are affected by anxiety disorders!)
| Author | : Peter Shiromani |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 414 |
| Release | : 2009-03-06 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1603273298 |
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychiatric illness that can occur in anyone who has experienced a life-threatening or violent event. The trauma can be due to war, terrorism, torture, natural disasters, violence, or rape. In PTSD the brain areas that are likely to be affected are the hippocampus (memory), amygdala (fear association), the prefrontal cortex (cognitive processing), and the ascending reticular activating system (arousal). The chemical of interest is norepinephrine, which is released during a stressful event and is part of the fight-or-flight response meant to mobilize the body to action.The objective of this title is to outline the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder and provide treatment strategies for clinicians. The chapter material from this book has evolved from a seminar on PTSD held recently under the auspices of the VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. We propose a book that will focus on the epidemiology, neurobiology, MRI studies, animal models, arousal and sleep issues, clinical trials, and treatment strategies for clinicians. Treatment will cover such topics as guidelines for treating posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD and the use of mental health services, cognitive intervention therapy, and large scale clinical trials in PTSD. This collection will be a vital source of information to clinicians and neuroscientists.
| Author | : Paul J. Whalen |
| Publisher | : Guilford Press |
| Total Pages | : 465 |
| Release | : 2009-01-01 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1606230336 |
Building on pioneering animal studies, and making use of new, noninvasive techniques for studying the human brain, research on the human amygdala has blossomed in recent years. This comprehensive volume brings together leading authorities to synthesize current knowledge on the amygdala and its role in psychological function and dysfunction. Initial chapters discuss how animal models have paved the way for work with human subjects. Next, the book examines the amygdala's involvement in emotional processing, learning, memory, and social interaction. The final section presents key advances in understanding specific clinical disorders: anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer's disease. Illustrations include more than 25 color plates.
| Author | : Diogo Telles Correia |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 62 |
| Release | : 2016-08-12 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 2889199339 |
New advances of the neuroscience supported by a refined, reliable and valid phenotyping (e.g., at the level of symptoms and not at the level of disorders), are bringing some promising results. The mapping of clinical phenomenology on specific brain dysfunction is now becoming plausible and the resulting functional psychopathology may in the future significantly replace the present nosology (Jablensky, 2010). Nevertheless, as Andreasen (2007) points out: “Applying technology without companionship of wise clinicians with specific expertise in psychopathology will be a lonely, sterile and perhaps fruitless enterprise.” Some of the chapters of this Ebook deal with aspects which are essential to the historical understanding of mental symptoms and disorders.
| Author | : Barbara Ferry |
| Publisher | : BoD – Books on Demand |
| Total Pages | : 338 |
| Release | : 2017-07-05 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9535132490 |
The amygdala is a central component of the limbic system, which is known to play a critical role in emotional processing of learning and memory. Over these last 20 years, major advances in techniques for examining brain activity greatly helped the scientific community to determine the nature of the contribution of the amygdala to these fundamental aspects of cognition. Combined with new conceptual breakthroughs, research data obtained in animals and humans have also provided major insights into our understanding of the processes by which amygdala dysfunction contributes to various brain disorders, such as autism or Alzheimer's disease. Although the primary goal of this book is to inform experts and newcomers of some of the latest data in the field of brain structures involved in the mechanisms underlying emotional learning and memory, we hope it will also help stimulate discussion on the functional role of the amygdala and connected brain structures in these mechanisms.
| Author | : Eric Bui |
| Publisher | : Springer Nature |
| Total Pages | : 365 |
| Release | : 2019-12-30 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3030306879 |
This book is designed to present a state-of the-art approach to the assessment and management of anxiety disorders. This text introduces and reviews the theoretical background underlying anxiety and stress psychopathology, addresses the issues faced by clinicians who assess individuals presenting with anxiety in different contexts, and reviews the management of and varied treatment approaches for individuals with anxiety disorders. Written by experts in the field, the book includes the most common demographics and challenges for physicians treating anxiety, including disorders in children, aging patients, personality disorders, drug and non-drug treatment options, as well as anxiety in comorbid patients. Clinical Handbook of Anxiety Disorders is a valuable resource for psychiatrists, psychologists, students, counselors, psychiatric nurses, social workers, and all medical professionals working with patients struggling with anxiety and stress-related conditions.
