Standardization Of Electrophysiological Measures Of Hearing In Marine Mammals PDF Download
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| Total Pages | : 4 |
| Release | : 2006 |
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Download Standardization of Electrophysiological Measures of Hearing in Marine Mammals Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The general objective of this study was to identify the conditions under which electrophysiological methods could be used to investigate hearing in pinnipeds and to establish how such measurements compared with those obtained using standard behavioral techniques. To meet this objective, a research partnership was established involving participants from academia (University of California Santa Cruz), government (Navy Marine Mammal Program), and private industry (BIOMIMETICA); this partnership was later expanded to include a foreign specialist from the Russian Academy of Sciences. During this effort, data collection systems and research protocols were adapted and field tested for use with pinnipeds. Individuals representing three pinniped species (California sea lions, harbor seals, and northern elephant seals) were tested, either voluntarily or while under anesthesia. Research accomplishments included measuring and characterizing auditory brainstem responses, development of response amplitude maps.
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| Release | : 2000 |
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Download Measures of Auditory Function in Stranded Marine Mammals Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Computerized tomography (CT and MRI scanning) are powerful tools for imaging inner ear anatomy and pathology in vivo. In humans these imaging techniques are often combined with behavioral and direct physiologic measures of hearing in order to determine hearing status and cause of any loss. Behavioral measures, which consist of simple yes-no replies to a sound stimulus, are possible in trained marine mammals but are not applicable to the large number and diverse species of wild animals that strand and are rehabilitated annually. Physiologic measures, particularly auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), are feasible also for marine mammals. OAE's arise from spontaneous inner ear hair cell and auditory nerve activity and are a well-documented phenomenon in land mammals. In combination with auditory brainstem response (ABR) measures, OAEs can help differentiate central, sensorineural, and conductive losses and both are now common methods for determining ear health in human infants and physically or mentally impaired adults. Human clinical techniques developed in the last five years have significantly reduced test times and enhanced waveform resolutions.
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| Total Pages | : 8 |
| Release | : 2007 |
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Download Basic Hearing and Echolocation Mechanisms of Marine Mammals: Measured Auditory Evoked Potential and Behavioral Experiments FY 2007 Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Marine Mammal sensory systems have evolved to effectively use acoustic energy in the oceans. My objectives are to develop a basic understanding of hearing and echolocation so that knowledge can then be applied to the solution of practical problems as they arise. The most basic hearing measurement is the audiogram which is a series of thresholds across frequencies. Of the 85 species of cetaceans we now have audiograms on 14 species. Audiograms on additional cetacean, and other marine mammal, species may be obtained from stranded animals, from animals in captive display situations, and from catch and release scenarios. We intend to obtain as many valid audiograms as possible as we seek new opportunities in new situations. Other hearing measures such as directionality of hearing are also very important and little is known on most marine mammals. These measures will also be obtained whenever possible. Most of our initial audiometric work measured hearing using behavioral responses (Nachtigall et al, 2000). Measures of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) produce the benefit of being obtained rapidly without requiring captivity or lengthy training. Our recent work (Yuen et al, 2005) shows that the two procedures, while not producing exactly the same results, are certainly comparable. So, we intend to continue using AEP measures to measure the hearing of new species and to continue to measure hearing in other situations. Our initial work on temporary threshold shifts (Nachtigall et al 2003, 2004) with exposures up to 50 minutes combined with shorter term exposures led to an equal energy hypothesis in which it was assumed that the amount of TTS was dependent on the amount of energy received relatively independent of the time of exposure. An objective of our recent work (Mooney et al, 2006) has been to examine whether the equal energy hypothesis is valid for short exposure times.
| Author | : Whitlow W.L. Au |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 499 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1461211506 |
Download Hearing by Whales and Dolphins Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Here, experts in different areas of the field provide an overview of the bioacoustics of whales and dolphins as well as a thorough introduction to the subject for investigators of hearing in other animals. Topics covered include the structure and function of cetacean auditory systems, the unique sound production system of odontocetes, acoustic communication, psychoacoustics, echolocation and models of sound propagation.
| Author | : Lindsay Aitkin |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 140 |
| Release | : 1998 |
| Genre | : Medical |
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Download Hearing Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Why Study Marsupials?.- 1.2 Evolutionary Considerations.- 1.3 Taxonomic Considerations.- 1.4 Ecological Considerations.- 1.5 The Approach of this Volume.- 2 The Design of the Mammalian Auditory System: A Brief Overview.- 2.1 Structure and Function of the Organ of Corti.- 2.2 Cochlear Potentials.- 2.3 Anatomy of Auditory Nerve and Brainstem.- 2.4 Anatomy of Thalamocortical Auditory System.- 2.4.1 Auditory Cortical Fields.- 2.4.2 Connections of Cortical Fields.- 3 Hearing of Marsupials.- 3.1 Behavioral Measurements.- 3.2 Electrophysiological Measures.- 3.2.1 Cochlear Potential Thresholds.- 3.2.2 Single-Unit Thresholds.- 3.2.3 Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR).- 3.3 Future Research Directions.- 4 What Do Marsupials Listen To?.- 4.1 Vocalizations and Speech.- 4.2 Vocal Behavior of Adult Marsupials.- 4.3 Hearing Sensitivity and Vocal Spectra of Adults.- 4.4 Adult and Neonatal Hearing and Vocal Relationships.- 4.5 Hearing Sensitivity and the Sounds of Prey and Predators.- 4.6 Future Research Directions.- 5 Auditory Periphery of Marsupials.- 5.1 The Outer Ear.- 5.2 Middle Ear Structures.- 5.2.1 Evolution of Middle Ear Bones.- 5.2.2 Middle Ear of Marsupials.- 5.3 Cochlea.- 5.3.1 Evolution of Sound Reception.- 5.3.2 The Cochlea of Marsupials.- 5.3.3 Cochlear Potentials in Marsupials.- 5.4 Future Research Directions.- 6 Auditory Structures of the Brainstem.- 6.1The Marsupial Brain.- 6.2 Auditory Nuclei of the Medulla.- 6.2.1 Cochlear Nuclear Complex.- 6.2.2 Superior Olivary Complex.- 6.3 The Auditory Midbrain.- 6.3.1 Cytoarchitecture of the Inferior Colliculus.- 6.3.2 Afferent Connections of the Inferior Colliculus.- 6.3.3 Efferents from the Inferior Colliculus.- 6.4 Physiological Studies of the Auditory Midbrain.- 6.4.1 Tonotopic Organization of the Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus and Frequency Selectivity of Single Units.- 6.4.2 Auditory Midbrain and Sound Localization.- 6.4.3 Auditory Midbrain and Acoustic Reflexes.- 6.5 Future Research Directions.- 7 Thalamocortical Auditory System.- 7.1 Medial Geniculate Body.- 7.1.1 Structure.- 7.1.2 Afferent Co0nnections.- 7.1.3 Comparisons with Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LG) of Marsupials.- 7.2 Evolution of the Neocortex.- 7.3 Auditory Cortical Fields in Marsupials.- 7.4 Auditory 0Cortical Connections of Marsupials.- 7.5 Effects of Lesions of Cortical Areas on Behavior.- 7.6 Future Research Directions.- 8 Development of the Auditory System.- 8.1 Why Marsupials Are Important to the Developmental Biologist.- 8.2 Embryogenesis of the Auditory System and Growth of Young Marsupials.- 8.3 Physiological Measures of the Onset of Hearing in Marsupials.- 8.4 Development of the Auditory Periphery.- 8.4.1 Mechanical Structures.- 8.4.2 Ultrastructural Development of the Cochlea in Eutherians.- 8.4.3 Ultrastructural Development of the Cochlea in Monodelphis.- 8.5 Anatomical Changes in the Brain.- 8.5.1 Cytogenesis, Migration and Formation of Nuclei.- 8.5.2 Development of Dendrites in the Inferior Colliculus.- 8.5.3 Development of Connections and Synapses in the Inferior Colliculus.- 8.5.4 Concerning the Determinants of Synaptogenesis.- 8.6 Future Research Directions.- 9 Conclusions.- 9.1 Hearing Sensitivity.- 9.2 Relationship Between Hearing Range and Vocal Behavior.- 9.3 The Marsupial Auditory Pathway.- References.
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| Release | : 2009 |
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Download Ruggedized Instrumentation Package for Marine Mammal Evoked Potential Hearing Measurements Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The long-term goals of this research are as follows: (1) to examine the hearing of as many marine mammals and species as possible to develop an understanding of the normal hearing capabilities of these mammals, and (2) to advance the technology for testing hearing in the laboratory and the field. The specific goal of this project is to build a rugged, field-ready, portable battery-operated system to use to measure the hearing capabilities of marine mammals in the lab, on ships, on the beach, or wherever we have the opportunity. The investigators intend to assemble equipment into a field-ready system, test the system in the laboratory, improve it with use, deploy it to stranded animal and field situations as they become available, and test the hearing of those marine mammals. Work completed: new suction cups and other electrodes were built and field-tested; combined equipment was taken to Portugal and tested on the Pilot whale; combined equipment was tested on the beach on the Pygmy killer whale and the striped dolphin; multiple equipment pieces were purchased, assembled, and reconfigured; new computer programs were written and tested; and audiograms were obtained for the long-finned pilot whale, the pygmy killer whale, and the striped dolphin. Of the 85 species of whales and dolphins, we now have basic hearing measurements on 16 species. The new equipment was used to gather hearing data on two new species in the past year. Many of our audiograms come from a single animal. This equipment will greatly assist in gathering information on what marine mammals hear. If Navy operations are stopped because of the effects of noise on whales, it is imperative that we have baseline information on marine mammal hearing.
| Author | : Jason Muslow |
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| Total Pages | : 398 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : Ear |
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Download Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Assessment of Aerial Hearing in Pinnipeds Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
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| Total Pages | : 8 |
| Release | : 2009 |
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Download Marine Mammals: Hearing and Echolocation at Coconut Island Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Marine Mammal sensory systems have evolved to effectively use acoustic energy in the oceans. Our objectives are to develop a basic understanding of hearing and echolocation so that knowledge can then be applied to the solution of practical problems as they arise. The most basic hearing measurement is the audiogram which is a series of thresholds across frequencies. It basically describes the hearing of an organism. Audiograms are the most basic of the hearing measures and are essential for describing the audiometrics of a species of animals. Of the 85 species of dolphins and whales we now have audiograms on 16 species. Audiograms on additional cetacean, and other marine mammal, species may be obtained from stranded animals, from animals in captive display situations, and from catch and release scenarios. We intend to obtain as many valid audiograms as possible as we seek new opportunities in new situations. Most marine mammal audiograms are obtained on individuals and published individually. Population estimates obtain increased validity with increased numbers of measurements. Other hearing measures such as directionality of hearing, and the mechanisms underlying that directionality, are also very important and little is known on most marine mammals. These measures will also be obtained whenever possible.
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| Total Pages | : 5 |
| Release | : 2009 |
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Download Electrophysiological Techniques for Sea Lion Population-Level Audiometry Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The objectives of this project are to (1) modify electrophysiological techniques previously developed for dolphins to assess hearing sensitivity in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), (2) benchmark the techniques using behavioral hearing data from the same individual, and (3) apply the techniques to measure the hearing sensitivity of all available Navy sea lions.
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| Release | : 2003 |
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Download An Integrated Computer-Controlled System for Marine Mammal Auditory Testing Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This document describes the operation of the computer program HTP. EXE, which was designed to allow computer control of marine mammal hearing tests. The system uses the psychophysical "staircase" method and a behavioral response paradigm to estimate hearing thresholds in trained subjects. The program is suitable for isolated hearing threshold measurements and paired measurements made before and after exposure to threshold-affecting treatments (e.g., exposure to intense sound or other ototoxic agent). Although specifically designed for use with marine mammals, the program is appropriate for use with any subject trained for participation in a behavioral response paradigm.
