Specific Associative Representational Plasticity In The Primary Auditory Cortex PDF Download
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| Author | : Katarzyna Maria Bieszczad |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 283 |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781109529395 |
Download Specific Associative Representational Plasticity in the Primary Auditory Cortex Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
A major function of the cortex is to dynamically subserve the content of memory. Growing evidence largely in the realm of auditory learning has described associative representational plasticity (ARP) even at the first stages of cortical involvement in the primary auditory cortex (A1). ARP has all the characteristics of associative memory: it is formed rapidly and specifically for signal stimuli, its induction consolidates without further bouts of training, and it can last over the longest time intervals studied. Thus, activity in A1 is not merely a pure reflection of the sensation of particular sounds, but is cognitively involved in the service of learning and memory. This dissertation propels the conceptualization of learning-related A1 plasticity into a larger functional domain. The findings herein (1) demand the need to reveal behavioral factors that are critical for the development of ARP and (2) illustrate that the functional advantages of ARP consequent to its development after learning are largely unknown, but are in fact determinable. I identified a critical factor for the induction of ARP: learning strategy. Learning strategies are defined as the collection of external cues that animals utilize to solve behavioral problems (e.g., to obtain reward or avoid punishment). Animals can use a variety of strategies to successfully solve problems, even in identical tasks. In A1, a strategy dependent on tone onsets, as opposed to offsets, appears to be critical not only for the induction, but also for the degree of emergent plasticity with learning. It has largely been assumed that the purpose for plasticity is the same as the cause for its development, i.e., to support the learned behavior. However ARP has a general function for memory. Here, I describe that signal-specific gains in representational area in A1 confer an enhancement in the strength of the auditory content of memory. Overall, this dissertation indicates an interaction more complex than has been previously appreciated between learning, memory and the cortical substrates thereof. This includes consideration of cortical representational plasticity dictated by the specific strategies animals use to learn, and the consequent role of signal-specific representational plasticity for the content of memory.
| Author | : Gabriel Arthur Elias |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 104 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781321367348 |
Download Associative Representational Plasticity in Primary Auditory Cortex Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Classical views on the functional organization of the cerebral cortex portray primary sensory regions as passive recipients of sensory impressions. Over the past half century or so, a body of work has accumulated in opposition of this view, which endows primary sensory regions with cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, classically localized elsewhere. Most extensively studied in the primary auditory cortex (A1), learning has been repeatedly shown to coincide with the induction of neural changes that not only enhance coding of behaviorally relevant sounds, but alter the way auditory stimuli are processed in general. The term representational plasticity (RP) has been adopted to collectively refer to these learning related changes in the processing or representation of behaviorally relevant stimuli. Recently a number of studies have demonstrated that RP, induced during learning, dissipates with extended training without impacting a subject's performance. Such findings stand at odds with a body of evidence supporting a mnemonic function for RP but might be explained by when considered in light of learning strategy use. Learning strategy, i.e. the way animals use environmental cues to solve a problem, has been identified as a critical factor regulating the induction of RP. The first experiment sought to better understand the relationship between learning strategy and RP by examining the effects of overtraining on strategy use and RP. During overtraining, map renormalization occurred and the degree of renormalization was correlated with the degree to which animals stopped utilizing a tone-onset-to-error (TOTE) strategy. We developed a novel behavioral analysis method to track and quantify strategy use during training. This revealed that strategy use was much more dynamic of a process than was previously realized. This prompted a critical test of the factor underlying the relationship between TOTE and RP. This test showed that use of the TOTE strategy alone was not sufficient to produce RP, indicating that RP was in fact related to learning. These results compelled a reconceptualization of learning strategy in a more general light. Collectively, the experiments in this dissertation provide the framework for a new understanding of the relationship between learning strategy and RP.
| Author | : Hans Menning |
| Publisher | : GRIN Verlag |
| Total Pages | : 128 |
| Release | : 2005-01-19 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 3638340554 |
Download Plasticity in auditory cortex on the grounds of learning discrimination Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2002 in the subject Psychology - Biological Psychology, grade: magna cum laude, University of Münster (Institute for Experimental Audiology), language: English, abstract: The motivation for this thesis came from the intriguing idea that we continuously restructure our brain through everyday learning. How can this highly complex, highly adaptive “learning device” change and reorganize itself all the time while keeping the illusion that we are constantly “ourselves”? The question is, whether learning has the power to trigger functional and structural changes in the brain. Several levels of thinking are involved in an interdisciplinary way. Thus, on a psychological level, 3 major topics enter this work: learning, memory and preconscious or pre-attentive perception and processing of information. Pre-attentive perception means that the subjects' attention and awareness is not mirrored in the neuronal response at a great deal. Learning is involved in this study as an improving discrimination of fine frequency and word duration differences; the latter was examined in a group of native and non-native speakers. Memory is referred to as sensory memory, a short-time memory trace that is established through the repetition of the same “standard” stimulus. In the auditory modality this has been termed “echoic memory”. A long, repetitive training engraves deep “traces” into the memory. The lifelong training of one’s native language results in a very fast and highly automated long-term memory access. On a neurophysiological level the main topics are plasticity and the reorganization of the underlying representational brain areas. Plastic changes on a molecular, synaptic and neuronal level and reorganization of cortical “maps” have been demonstrated abundantly in animal studies. On a physical level the measured magnetic fields and the calculation of the source parameters of their underlying neural generators are discussed in the light of the neurophysiological and psychological phenomena. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation thesis was, to transfer the insights of animal plasticity research onto the human brain and to draw a connection line between discrimination learning and the underlying neurophysiological changes. In a second step, these effects of discrimination learning are tested on speech perception.
| Author | : Heesoo Kim |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 94 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Development and Plasticity in the Primary Auditory Cortex Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The early acoustic environment plays a crucial role in how the brain represents sounds and how language phonemes are perceived. Human infants are born with the capacity to distinguish phonemes from virtually all languages, but very quickly change their perceptual ability to match that of their primary language. This has been described as the Perceptual Magnet Effect in humans, where phoneme tokens are perceived to be more similar than they physically are, leading to decreased discrimination ability. Early development is marked by distinct critical periods, when cortical regions are highly plastic and particularly sensitive to sensory input. These lasting alterations in cortical sensory representation may directly impact the perception of the external world. My thesis is comprised of three different studies, all of which investigate the role of the developmental acoustic environment on cortical representation and the behavioral consequence of altered cortical representation. Passive exposure to pure-tone pips during the auditory critical period can lead to over-representation of the exposure tone frequency in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of rats. This over-representation is associated with decreased discrimination ability of that frequency, similar to the Perceptual Magnet Effect in humans. Another hallmark of human language is categorical perception. Using a computational model of A1, I show that certain representation patterns (which may be achieved with passive exposure to two distinct pure-tone pips) in A1 can lead to categorical perception in rats. This suggests that cortical representation may be a mechanism that drives categorical perception. Rodents are socially vocal animals whose con-specific calls are often presented in bouts in the ultrasonic frequency range. These calls are vocalized at ethologically relevant repetition rates. I show that pure-tone pips that are presented at the ethological repetition rate (but not slower or faster rates) during the auditory critical period lead to over-representation of the pure-tone frequency. A certain subclass of ultrasonic vocalizations, the pup isolation calls, occurs during the auditory critical period. I show that there is over representation of ultrasonic vocalization frequencies in the rat A1. This preferential representation is experience-dependent and is associated with higher discrimination ability.
| Author | : Hania Kover |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 160 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Plasticity and Perception in Primary Auditory Cortex Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
During an early epoch of development, the brain is highly adaptive to the stimulus environment. Repeatedly exposing young animals to a particular tone, for example, leads to an enlarged representation of that tone in primary auditory cortex. While the neural effects of simple, single-frequency tonal environments are well characterized, the principles that guide plasticity in complex tone environments, as well as the perceptual consequences of cortical plasticity, remain unclear. To address these questions, this dissertation documents the neural and perceptual effects of simple and complex manipulations to the early acoustic environment. First, I show that rearing rat pups in a multi-tone environment leads to complex primary cortical representational changes that are related to the statistical relationships between experienced sounds. Specifically, tones that occur together within short temporal sequences tend to be represented by the same groups of neurons, whereas tones that occur separately are represented separately. This suggests that the development of primary auditory cortical response properties is sensitive to higher-order statistical relationships between sounds. The observed neural changes are accompanied by perceptual changes. Discrimination ability for sounds that never occur together within temporal sequences is improved. Heightened perceptual sensitivity is correlated with heightened neuronal response contrasts. These results suggest that early experience-dependent neural changes can mediate perceptual changes that may be related to statistical learning. Finally, I develop and experimentally test a model of the relationship between cortical sensory representations and perception. The model suggests that cortical stimulus representations may function as the neural representation of previously encountered stimulus probabilities, and makes predictions about how changes in these representations should affect perception within a statistical inference framework. Preliminary behavioral results support the model predictions, suggesting that one function of early experience-dependent plasticity may be to internalize stimulus distributions to shape future perception and behavior.
| Author | : Gastone G. Celesia |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 723 |
| Release | : 2015-03-06 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0444626298 |
Download The Human Auditory System Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The Human Auditory System: Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders provides a comprehensive and focused reference on the neuroscience of hearing and the associated neurological diagnosis and treatment of auditory disorders. This reference looks at this dynamic area of basic research, a multidisciplinary endeavor with contributions from neuroscience, clinical neurology, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive science communications disorders, and psychology, and its dramatic clinical application. A focused reference on the neuroscience of hearing and clinical disorders Covers both basic brain science, key methodologies and clinical diagnosis and treatment of audiology disorders Coverage of audiology across the lifespan from birth to elderly topics
| Author | : Laurence O. Trussell |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 242 |
| Release | : 2011-09-25 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 144199517X |
Download Synaptic Mechanisms in the Auditory System Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Synaptic Mechanisms in the Auditory System will provide a basic reference for students, clinicians, and researchers on how synapses in the auditory system function to encode acoustic signals. These mechanisms are the groundwork for all auditory processing, and understanding them requires knowledge of the microphysiology of synapses, cellular biophysics, receptor pharmacology, and an appreciation for what these synapses must do for a living, what unique jobs they carry out.
| Author | : Jeffery A. Winer |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 711 |
| Release | : 2010-12-02 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1441900748 |
Download The Auditory Cortex Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
There has been substantial progress in understanding the contributions of the auditory forebrain to hearing, sound localization, communication, emotive behavior, and cognition. The Auditory Cortex covers the latest knowledge about the auditory forebrain, including the auditory cortex as well as the medial geniculate body in the thalamus. This book will cover all important aspects of the auditory forebrain organization and function, integrating the auditory thalamus and cortex into a smooth, coherent whole. Volume One covers basic auditory neuroscience. It complements The Auditory Cortex, Volume 2: Integrative Neuroscience, which takes a more applied/clinical perspective.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 1819 |
| Release | : 2010-06-03 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 0080453961 |
Download Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Behavioral Neuroscientists study the behavior of animals and humans and the neurobiological and physiological processes that control it. Behavior is the ultimate function of the nervous system, and the study of it is very multidisciplinary. Disorders of behavior in humans touch millions of people’s lives significantly, and it is of paramount importance to understand pathological conditions such as addictions, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, autism among others, in order to be able to develop new treatment possibilities. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience is the first and only multi-volume reference to comprehensively cover the foundation knowledge in the field. This three volume work is edited by world renowned behavioral neuroscientists George F. Koob, The Scripps Research Institute, Michel Le Moal, Université Bordeaux, and Richard F. Thompson, University of Southern California and written by a premier selection of the leading scientists in their respective fields. Each section is edited by a specialist in the relevant area. The important research in all areas of Behavioral Neuroscience is covered in a total of 210 chapters on topics ranging from neuroethology and learning and memory, to behavioral disorders and psychiatric diseases. The only comprehensive Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience on the market Addresses all recent advances in the field Written and edited by an international group of leading researchers, truly representative of the behavioral neuroscience community Includes many entries on the advances in our knowledge of the neurobiological basis of complex behavioral, psychiatric, and neurological disorders Richly illustrated in full color Extensively cross referenced to serve as the go-to reference for students and researchers alike The online version features full searching, navigation, and linking functionality An essential resource for libraries serving neuroscientists, psychologists, neuropharmacologists, and psychiatrists
| Author | : Daniel Philip Knudsen |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 111 |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781303175633 |
Download Representational Plasticity During Task Performance and Learning in the Avian Auditory Cortex Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The brain's representation of the auditory world is not static, but changes based on an animal's history and current goals. We explored experience-dependent changes in both behavioral and neural representations of behaviorally relevant auditory stimuli in the caudal a secondary auditory fore brainregion, in European starlings. To accomplish this, we first designed and built a system that facilitated simultaneous neural and behavioral recording, allowing--for the first time--neural responses to be recorded while birds performed auditory-mediated operant tasks. We found that when birds were engaged in an auditory task, neurons had more information in their stimulus-driven firing rates about the task-relevant stimulus classes than when birds were not engaged in the task. We also trained birds to quickly learn novel stimulus classifications and showed that neural responses change over the course of learning. For most neurons, stimulus-driven neural responses decreased with learning, and they did so most strongly for the newly learned stimuli. We suggest that these effects may be due in part to stimulus-specific adaptation, and its modulation by behavioral state. We also observed the formation of task-dependent firing rate modulation with learning. These results highlight the plasticity of the avian auditory system, and further our understanding of the way that nervous systems adapt to the changing environment and behavioral goals of an organism.
