Sex Differences In The Brainfrom Genes To Behavior PDF Download
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Author | : Jill B. Becker |
Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
Total Pages | : 506 |
Release | : 2007-12-04 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 0198042558 |
Download Sex Differences in the Brain Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Within the basic and clinical biomedical research community, there is increasing recognition that differences between males and females across the lifespan affect an individual's health, his/her development of disease, signs and symptoms of pathophysiology, and response to therapy. This book is intended as a resource for scientists, clinicians, and students of the nervous system and behavior- a trove of practical information about how to study sex differences in the brain as well as a discussion of what is already known on the topic.
Author | : Lesley J. Rogers |
Publisher | : Columbia University Press |
Total Pages | : 156 |
Release | : 2001 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 9780231120111 |
Download Sexing the Brain Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
How much of sexual diversity is the result of nature versus nurture? Prevailing theories today lean heavily toward nature. Now a leading researcher in neuroscience and animal behavior shows how, in recent history, scientific claims about sex and gender differences have reflected the culture of the time. Although the conviction that genetics can explain everything is now widespread, the author demonstrates the interaction of culture and environment in the formation of behavioral traits and so provides an important corrective to popular notions of reductionism. Starting with a summary of sex and gender studies, Rogers explains the error of sex biasing, especially the once-assumed inferiority of women. She then addresses several modern studies and investigations, some of which assert that sex and gender differences are the product of genetic inheritance and hormones. Rogers uses laboratory evidence from studies of animals that help illustrate the biologically fluid properties of sex and gender. Sexing the Brain addresses a variety of topical questions: Are there sex differences in how we think and feel? Is language processed in different parts of the brain in men and women? Do social influences have a stronger influence on sexual behavior than sex hormone levels? Rogers concludes that "our biology does not bind us to remain the same.... We have the ability to change, and the future of sex differences belongs to us."
Author | : Institute of Medicine |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 287 |
Release | : 2001-07-02 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 0309132975 |
Download Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.
Author | : Rebecca M. Shansky |
Publisher | : Academic Press |
Total Pages | : 430 |
Release | : 2015-09-14 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 0128021985 |
Download Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System offers a comprehensive examination of the current state of sex differences research, from both the basic science and clinical research perspectives. Given the current NIH directive that funded preclinical research must consider both females and males, this topic is of interest to an increasing percentage of the neuroscience research population. The volume serves as an invaluable resource, offering coverage of a wide range of topics: sex differences in cognition, learning, and memory, sex hormone signaling mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions, epigenetics, social behavior, neurologic disease, psychological disorders, and stress. Discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations are included. Details how sex hormones have widespread effects on the nervous system and influence the way males and females function Assists readers in determining how sex impacts their research and practice, and assists in determining how to adjust research programs to incorporate sex influences Includes discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations, and at various developmental stages Features revised and updated chapters by leaders in the field around the globe—the broadest, most expert coverage available
Author | : Fanny M. Cheung |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 1524 |
Release | : 2020-08-06 |
Genre | : Social Science |
ISBN | : 1108602185 |
Download The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
There is a growing knowledge base in understanding the differences and similarities between women and men, as well as the diversities among women and sexualities. Although genetic and biological characteristics define human beings conventionally as women and men, their experiences are contextualized in multiple dimensions in terms of gender, sexuality, class, age, ethnicity, and other social dimensions. Beyond the biological and genetic basis of gender differences, gender intersects with culture and other social locations which affect the socialization and development of women across their life span. This handbook provides a comprehensive and up-to-date resource to understand the intersectionality of gender differences, to dispel myths, and to examine gender-relevant as well as culturally relevant implications and appropriate interventions. Featuring a truly international mix of contributors, and incorporating cross-cultural research and comparative perspectives, this handbook will inform mainstream psychology of the international literature on the psychology of women and gender.
Author | : Rebecca M. Jordan-Young |
Publisher | : Harvard University Press |
Total Pages | : 409 |
Release | : 2011-01-07 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 0674058798 |
Download Brain Storm Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Female and male brains are different, thanks to hormones coursing through the brain before birth. That’s taught as fact in psychology textbooks, academic journals, and bestselling books. And these hardwired differences explain everything from sexual orientation to gender identity, to why there aren’t more women physicists or more stay-at-home dads. In this compelling book, Rebecca Jordan-Young takes on the evidence that sex differences are hardwired into the brain. Analyzing virtually all published research that supports the claims of “human brain organization theory,” Jordan-Young reveals how often these studies fail the standards of science. Even if careful researchers point out the limits of their own studies, other researchers and journalists can easily ignore them because brain organization theory just sounds so right. But if a series of methodological weaknesses, questionable assumptions, inconsistent definitions, and enormous gaps between ambiguous findings and grand conclusions have accumulated through the years, then science isn’t scientific at all. Elegantly written, this book argues passionately that the analysis of gender differences deserves far more rigorous, biologically sophisticated science. “The evidence for hormonal sex differentiation of the human brain better resembles a hodge-podge pile than a solid structure...Once we have cleared the rubble, we can begin to build newer, more scientific stories about human development.”
Author | : Louann Brizendine, MD |
Publisher | : Harmony |
Total Pages | : 306 |
Release | : 2007-08-07 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 0767928415 |
Download The Female Brain Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Since Dr. Brizendine wrote The Female Brain ten years ago, the response has been overwhelming. This New York Times bestseller has been translated into more than thirty languages, has sold nearly a million copies between editions, and has most recently inspired a romantic comedy starring Whitney Cummings and Sofia Vergara. And its profound scientific understanding of the nature and experience of the female brain continues to guide women as they pass through life stages, to help men better understand the girls and women in their lives, and to illuminate the delicate emotional machinery of a love relationship. Why are women more verbal than men? Why do women remember details of fights that men can’t remember at all? Why do women tend to form deeper bonds with their female friends than men do with their male counterparts? These and other questions have stumped both sexes throughout the ages. Now, pioneering neuropsychiatrist Louann Brizendine, M.D., brings together the latest findings to show how the unique structure of the female brain determines how women think, what they value, how they communicate, and who they love. While doing research as a medical student at Yale and then as a resident and faculty member at Harvard, Louann Brizendine discovered that almost all of the clinical data in existence on neurology, psychology, and neurobiology focused exclusively on males. In response to the overwhelming need for information on the female mind, Brizendine established the first clinic in the country to study and treat women’s brain function. In The Female Brain, Dr. Brizendine distills all her findings and the latest information from the scientific community in a highly accessible book that educates women about their unique brain/body/behavior. The result: women will come away from this book knowing that they have a lean, mean, communicating machine. Men will develop a serious case of brain envy.
Author | : Rebecca M. Jordan-Young |
Publisher | : Harvard University Press |
Total Pages | : 409 |
Release | : 2011-10-15 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 0674264878 |
Download Brain Storm Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Female and male brains are different, thanks to hormones coursing through the brain before birth. That’s taught as fact in psychology textbooks, academic journals, and bestselling books. And these hardwired differences explain everything from sexual orientation to gender identity, to why there aren’t more women physicists or more stay-at-home dads. In this compelling book, Rebecca Jordan-Young takes on the evidence that sex differences are hardwired into the brain. Analyzing virtually all published research that supports the claims of “human brain organization theory,” Jordan-Young reveals how often these studies fail the standards of science. Even if careful researchers point out the limits of their own studies, other researchers and journalists can easily ignore them because brain organization theory just sounds so right. But if a series of methodological weaknesses, questionable assumptions, inconsistent definitions, and enormous gaps between ambiguous findings and grand conclusions have accumulated through the years, then science isn’t scientific at all. Elegantly written, this book argues passionately that the analysis of gender differences deserves far more rigorous, biologically sophisticated science. “The evidence for hormonal sex differentiation of the human brain better resembles a hodge-podge pile than a solid structure...Once we have cleared the rubble, we can begin to build newer, more scientific stories about human development.”
Author | : Negar Montakhab Ghahramani |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 219 |
Release | : 2012 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Download The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Differences in the Brain Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The major drivers underlying sexually dimorphic brain development are gonadal hormones, namely testosterone (T). During the perinatal sensitive period, a time when the embryonic brain is maximally sensitive to changes in the levels of gonadal hormones, exposure to T has permanent organizing effects on the brain, the molecular basis of which is not known. One potential mechanism for the long term permanence may be DNA methylation. To examine the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to both the establishment and maintenance of sex differences, I compared the methylomes of male, female, and female mice treated with testosterone. Methylation maps were generated for sexually dimorphic brain regions such as the striatum at postnatal day 4 (PN4) during the sensitive period and PN60 during adulthood using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. I found that testosterone altered the methylation of a few genes during the sensitive period but a much greater number in adulthood. I next investigated whether administration of a single dose of testosterone to females on the day of birth could induce a shift in DNA methylation from a female-typical to a more male-typical pattern. The results demonstrated that the masculinizing effect of testosterone was mostly evident at PN60 but not at PN4. This observation provided a new perspective on the mechanisms underlying organizational effects of testosterone because contrary to the expectation that testosterone leaves a strong, stable imprint shortly after exposure, testosterone effects on DNA methylation were not immediately evident but emerged later. Based on these data, I concluded that sex differences in methylation are not the result of the immediate early actions of testosterone on the brain. Rather, the neural molecular patterns found in adults are conditioned by early hormonal exposures, the effects of which might emerge over a period of time. Gene Ontology analysis on the set of genes whose methylation was altered by testosterone revealed a significant enrichment of genes belonging to signaling components associated with dopamine modulation as well as movement disorders that display a male-bias. These data are consistent with striatum's role in regulation of movement. In addition to assessing the contribution of hormones to brain sexual differentiation, I also investigated the impact of sex chromosomes on sex differences in brain and behavior. To test for sex chromosome effects, I used the four core genotypes mouse model and found sex differences in expression of a subset of striatal genes caused by XX vs. XY differences in mice with the same gonadal type. Moreover, comparison of animals with different numbers of sex chromosomes in a novel mouse model of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS), the Sex Chromosome Trisomy Model, indicated that presence of an additional X chromosome and/or its interaction with the Y in XXY male mice can contribute to some of the behavioral and molecular phenotypes observed in KS. Interestingly, analysis of striatal transcriptome in KS mice revealed a feminized molecular signature in the brain of KS male mice. Such information is crucial knowledge in elucidating not only the pathophysiology of KS, but also the origin of sex differences in brain and behavior. Altogether, my work demonstrates the significance of genetics and epigenetics in the process of brain development as it relates to sex. The results presented in this dissertation suggest that (1) the sex chromosomes carry genes that could influence brain function and behavior; and (2) the long lasting effects of steroid hormones on the brain could be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation.
Author | : Rosemary Gartner |
Publisher | : Oxford Handbooks |
Total Pages | : 745 |
Release | : 2014 |
Genre | : Law |
ISBN | : 0199838704 |
Download The Oxford Handbook of Gender, Sex, and Crime Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The editors, Rosemary Gartner and Bill McCarthy, have assembled a diverse cast of criminologists, historians, legal scholars, psychologists, and sociologists from a number of countries to discuss key concepts and debates central to the field. The Handbook includes examinations of the historical and contemporary patterns of women's and men's involvement in crime; as well as biological, psychological, and social science perspectives on gender, sex, and criminal activity. Several essays discuss the ways in which sex and gender influence legal and popular reactions to crime. An important theme throughout The Handbook is the intersection of sex and gender with ethnicity, class, age, peer groups, and community as influences on crime and justice. Individual chapters investigate both conventional topics - such as domestic abuse and sexual violence - and topics that have only recently drawn the attention of scholars - such as human trafficking, honor killing, gender violence during war, state rape, and genocide.