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| Author | : Peter S. Liss |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 539 |
| Release | : 1997-03-20 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 0521562732 |
Thorough review of sea-surface microlayer properties and role in global change.
| Author | : R. J. Devoy |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 655 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9401511462 |
The oceans are vast with t,¥o-thirds of our planet being covered by a thick layer of water, the depth of which can be likened to flying above the earth's surface at an altitude of 30,000 feet (9,800 m). Good to play in, essential for life but deadly to breathe, water is important to all organisms on the planet, and the oceans form its major reservoir containing approximately 97 per cent of all freely available surface water. In spite of this obvious importance mankind has still much to learn about this ocean environment. Study of the oceans has grown enormously since the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century voyages of scientific discovery, expanding greatly in the period post 1945. One of the subjects that has blossomed in this period has been the study of the ocean's surface, and in particular the study of sea level and related sea-surface changes. Indeed this topic may even be termed 'popular', as reflected in the growing number of general geo morphology, physical geology and oceanography texts which now give space to the subject.
| Author | : Alexander Soloviev |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 586 |
| Release | : 2006-02-21 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1402040539 |
Until the 1980s, a tacit agreement among many physical oceanographers was that nothing deserving attention could be found in the upper few meters of the ocean. The lack of adequete knowledge about the near-surface layer of the ocean was mainly due to the fact that the widely used oceanographic instruments (such as bathythermographs, CTDs, current meters, etc.) were practically useless in the upper few meters of the ocean. Interest in the ne- surface layer of the ocean rapidly increased along with the development of remote sensing techniques. The interpretation of ocean surface signals sensed from satellites demanded thorough knowledge of upper ocean processes and their connection to the ocean interior. Despite its accessibility to the investigator, the near-surface layer of the ocean is not a simple subject of experimental study. Random, sometimes huge, vertical motions of the ocean surface due to surface waves are a serious complication for collecting quality data close to the ocean surface. The supposedly minor problem of avoiding disturbances from ships’ wakes has frustrated several generations of oceanographers attempting to take reliable data from the upper few meters of the ocean. Important practical applications nevertheless demanded action, and as a result several pioneering works in the 1970s and 1980s laid the foundation for the new subject of oceanography – the near-surface layer of the ocean.
| Author | : Peter S. Liss |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 536 |
| Release | : 2005-07-07 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9780521017459 |
The sea-surface microlayer has often been defined as the top 1 to 1000 micrometers of the ocean surface. A considerable amount of new research over the past ten years has led to increased understanding of this vitally important interface between the ocean and the atmosphere, and how it may interact with global change processes. This book offers the first comprehensive review of the surface microlayer in a decade. The authors address the potential global marine impacts at the air-sea interface due to large-scale atmospheric ozone depletion and industrial pollution. Environmental scientists and oceanographers at a graduate or research level who are interested in global change will welcome this authoritative reference work.
| Author | : Jonathan Turnbull Phinney |
| Publisher | : American Geophysical Union |
| Total Pages | : 251 |
| Release | : 2006-01-10 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0875903592 |
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Volume 61. The effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and related climate change on shallow coral reefs are gaining considerable attention for scientific and economic reasons worldwide. Although increased scientific research has improved our understanding of the response of coral reefs to climate change, we still lack key information that can help guide reef management. Research and monitoring of coral reef ecosystems over the past few decades have documented two major threats related to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2: (1) increased sea surface temperatures and (2) increased seawater acidity (lower pH). Higher atmospheric CO2 levels have resulted in rising sea surface temperatures and proven to be an acute threat to corals and other reef-dwelling organisms. Short periods (days) of elevated sea surface temperatures by as little as 1–2°C above the normal maximum temperature has led to more frequent and more widespread episodes of coral bleaching-the expulsion of symbiotic algae. A more chronic consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2 is the lowering of pH of surface waters, which affects the rate at which corals and other reef organisms secrete and build their calcium carbonate skeletons. Average pH of the surface ocean has already decreased by an estimated 0.1 unit since preindustrial times, and will continue to decline in concert with rising atmospheric CO2. These climate-related Stressors combined with other direct anthropogenic assaults, such as overfishing and pollution, weaken reef organisms and increase their susceptibility to disease.
| Author | : Francisco Pastor |
| Publisher | : Mdpi AG |
| Total Pages | : 188 |
| Release | : 2021-12-27 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9783036526003 |
This book covers a broad range of sea surface temperature studies from very different points of view and scales; the SST is observed from very local to regional and oceanic scales. The chapters of this book move from local and remote data sensing validation to local and regional trend analysis, and also give some insight into marine heatwaves and future climate scenarios.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 184 |
| Release | : 1981 |
| Genre | : Oceanography |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Eni Njoku |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : Electronic books |
| ISBN | : 9781785396229 |
This first encyclopaedic reference on remote sensing describes the concepts, techniques, instrumentation, data analysis, interpretation, and applications of remote sensing, both airborne and space-based. Scientists, engineers, academics, and students can quickly access answers to their reference questions and direction for further study.
| Author | : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 151 |
| Release | : 2018-01-20 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0309466806 |
The ocean is an integral component of the Earth's climate system. It covers about 70% of the Earth's surface and acts as its primary reservoir of heat and carbon, absorbing over 90% of the surplus heat and about 30% of the carbon dioxide associated with human activities, and receiving close to 100% of fresh water lost from land ice. With the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion, the Earth's climate is now changing more rapidly than at any time since the advent of human societies. Society will increasingly face complex decisions about how to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change such as droughts, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, species loss, changes to growing seasons, and stronger and possibly more frequent storms. Observations play a foundational role in documenting the state and variability of components of the climate system and facilitating climate prediction and scenario development. Regular and consistent collection of ocean observations over decades to centuries would monitor the Earth's main reservoirs of heat, carbon dioxide, and water and provides a critical record of long-term change and variability over multiple time scales. Sustained high-quality observations are also needed to test and improve climate models, which provide insights into the future climate system. Sustaining Ocean Observations to Understand Future Changes in Earth's Climate considers processes for identifying priority ocean observations that will improve understanding of the Earth's climate processes, and the challenges associated with sustaining these observations over long timeframes.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 283 |
| Release | : 2000-01-03 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0309172578 |
This book describes the development of ocean sciences over the past 50 years, highlighting the contributions of the National Science Foundation (NSF) to the field's progress. Many of the individuals who participated in the exciting discoveries in biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography, and marine geology and geophysics describe in the book how the discoveries were made possible by combinations of insightful individuals, new technology, and in some cases, serendipity. In addition to describing the advance of ocean science, the book examines the institutional structures and technology that made the advances possible and presents visions of the field's future. This book is the first-ever documentation of the history of NSF's Division of Ocean Sciences, how the structure of the division evolved to its present form, and the individuals who have been responsible for ocean sciences at NSF as "rotators" and career staff over the past 50 years.
