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Sasanian Archaeology: Settlements, Environment and Material Culture

Sasanian Archaeology: Settlements, Environment and Material Culture
Author: St John Simpson
Publisher: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Total Pages: 538
Release: 2022-12-22
Genre: History
ISBN: 1803274190

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This collection of essays offers an examination of the Sasanian empire based almost entirely on archaeological and scientific research, much presented here for the first time. The book is divided into three parts examining Sasanian sites, settlements and landscapes; their complex agricultural resources; and their crafts and industries.


Dariali: The 'Caspian Gates' in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages

Dariali: The 'Caspian Gates' in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages
Author: Eberhard Sauer
Publisher: Oxbow Books
Total Pages: 1072
Release: 2020-04-30
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1789251958

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The Huns, invading through Dariali Gorge on the modern-day border between Russia and Georgia in AD 395 and 515, spread terror across the late antique world. Was this the prelude to the apocalypse? Prophecies foresaw a future Hunnic onslaught, via the same mountain pass, bringing about the end of the world. Humanity’s fate depended on a gated barrier deep in Europe’s highest and most forbidding mountain chain. Centuries before the emergence of such apocalyptic beliefs, the gorge had reached world fame. It was the target of a planned military expedition by the Emperor Nero. Chained to the dramatic sheer cliffs, framing the narrow passage, the mythical fire-thief Prometheus suffered severe punishment, his liver devoured by an eagle. It was known under multiple names, most commonly the Caspian or Alan Gates. Featuring in the works of literary giants, no other mountain pass in the ancient and medieval world matches Dariali’s fame. Yet little was known about the materiality of this mythical place. A team of archaeologists has now shed much new light on the major gorge-blocking fort and a barrier wall on a steep rocky ridge further north. The walls still standing today were built around the time of the first major Hunnic invasion in the late fourth century – when the Caucasus defenses feature increasingly prominently in negotiations between the Great Powers of Persia and Rome. In its endeavor to strongly fortify the strategic mountain pass through the Central Caucasus, the workforce erased most traces of earlier occupation. The Persian-built bastion saw heavy occupation for 600 years. Its multi-faith medieval garrison controlled Trans-Caucasian traffic. Everyday objects and human remains reveal harsh living conditions and close connections to the Muslim South, as well as the steppe world of the north. The Caspian Gates explains how a highly strategic rock has played a pivotal role in world history from Classical Antiquity into the twentieth century.


Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology, Art and History

Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology, Art and History
Author: Iran Heritage Foundation
Publisher: British Archaeological Reports Oxford Limited
Total Pages: 182
Release: 2008
Genre: Architecture
ISBN:

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Organized by the Centre for Iranian Studies, IMEIS and the Department of Archaeology of Durham University. Sponsored by the Iran Heritage Foundation with additional support from the British Academy and the British Council (Tehran) The Iran Heritage Foundation


Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period

Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period
Author: Kamal-Aldin Niknami
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 371
Release: 2020-05-22
Genre: History
ISBN: 303041776X

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This collection of twenty-eight essays presents an up-to-date survey of pre-Islamic Iran, from the earliest dynasty of Illam to the end of Sasanian empire, encompassing a rich diversity of peoples and cultures. Historically, Iran served as a bridge between the earlier Near Eastern cultures and the later classical world of the Mediterranean, and had a profound influence on political, military, economic, and cultural aspects of the ancient world. Written by international scholars and drawing mainly on the field of practical archaeology, which traditionally has shared little in the way of theories and methods, the book provides crucial pieces to the puzzle of the national identity of Iranian cultures from a historical perspective. Revealing the wealth and splendor of ancient Iranian society – its rich archaeological data and sophisticated artistic craftsmanship – most of which has never before been presented outside of Iran, this beautifully illustrated book presents a range of studies addressing specific aspects of Iranian archaeology to show why the artistic masterpieces of ancient Iranians rank among the finest ever produced. Together, the authors analyze how archaeology can inform us about our cultural past, and what remains to still be discovered in this important region.


Sasanian and Islamic Settlement and Ceramics in Southern Iran (4th to 17th Century AD)

Sasanian and Islamic Settlement and Ceramics in Southern Iran (4th to 17th Century AD)
Author: Seth M. N. Priestman
Publisher: Oxbow Books
Total Pages: 513
Release: 2023-10-31
Genre: Social Science
ISBN:

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This monograph comprises the final publication of a study supported by the British Institute of Persian Studies and undertaken by Seth Priestman and Derek Kennet at the University of Durham. The work presents and analyses an assemblage of just under 17,000 sherds of pottery and associated paper archives resulting from one of the largest and most comprehensive surveys ever undertaken on the historic archaeology of southern Iran. The survey was undertaken by Andrew George Williamson (1945–1975), a doctoral student at Oxford University between 1968 and 1971, at a time of great progress and rapid advance in the archaeological exploration of Iran. The monograph provides new archaeological evidence on the long-term development of settlement in Southern Iran, in particular the coastal region, from the Sasanian period to around the 17th century. The work provides new insights into regional settlement patterns and changing ceramic distribution, trade and use. A large amount of primary data is presented covering an extensive area from Minab to Bushehr along the coast and inland as far as Sirjan. This includes information on a number of previously undocumented archaeological sites, as well as a detailed description and analysis of the ceramic finds, which underpin the settlement evidence and provide a wider source of reference. By collecting carefully controlled archaeological evidence related to the size, distribution and period of occupation of urban and rural settlements distributed across southern Iran, Williamson aimed to reconstruct the broader historical development of the region. Due to his early death the work was never completed. The key aims of the authors of this volume were to do justice to Williamson’s remarkable vision and efforts on the one hand, and at the same time to bring this important new evidence to ongoing discussions about the development of southern Iran through the Sasanian and Islamic periods.


The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier

The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier
Author: A. Asa Eger
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Total Pages: 432
Release: 2014-11-18
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0857726854

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The retreat of the Byzantine army from Syria in around 650 CE, in advance of the approaching Arab armies, is one that has resounded emphatically in the works of both Islamic and Christian writers, and created an enduring motif: that of the Islamic-Byzantine frontier. For centuries, Byzantine and Islamic scholars have evocatively sketched a contested border: the annual raids between the two, the line of fortified fortresses defending Islamic lands, the no-man's land in between and the birth of jihad. In their early representations of a Muslim-Christian encounter, accounts of the Islamic-Byzantine frontier are charged with significance for a future 'clash of civilizations' that often envisions a polarised world. A. Asa Eger examines the two aspects of this frontier: its physical and ideological ones. By highlighting the archaeological study of the real and material frontier, as well as acknowledging its ideological military and religious implications, he offers a more complex vision of this dividing line than has been traditionally disseminated.With analysis grounded in archaeological evidence as well the relevant historical texts, Eger brings together a nuanced exploration of this vital element of medieval history. In this way, Eger's volume contributes to a more complex vision of the frontier than traditional historical views by bringing to the fore the layers of a real ecological frontier of settlement and interaction. For Eger, exposing the settlements and communities of the frontier constitutes a crucial gesture for understanding the interaction of two civilizations in a contested yet connected world. This work is thus vital for students of not only the medieval period and Byzantine and Islamic studies, but also for readers attempting to understand the ways in which frontiers and borders shape the construction of identity while functioning outside the traditionally understood state.


The History and Culture of Iran and Central Asia

The History and Culture of Iran and Central Asia
Author: D. G. Tor
Publisher: University of Notre Dame Pess
Total Pages: 398
Release: 2022-04-15
Genre: History
ISBN: 0268202087

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This volume examines the major cultural, religious, political, and urban changes that took place in the Iranian world of Inner and Central Asia in the transition from the pre-Islamic to the Islamic periods. One of the major civilizations of the first millennium was that of the Iranian linguistic and cultural world, which stretched from today’s Iraq to what is now the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. No other region of the world underwent such radical transformation, which fundamentally altered the course of world history, as this area did during the centuries of transition from the pre-Islamic to the Islamic period. This transformation included the religious victory of Islam over Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, and the other religions of the area; the military and political wresting of Inner Asia from the Chinese to the Islamic sphere of primary cultural influence; and the shifting of Central Asia from a culturally and demographically Iranian civilization to a Turkic one. This book contains essays by many of the preeminent scholars working in the fields of archeology, history, linguistics, and literature of both the pre-Islamic and the Islamic-era Iranian world, shedding light on some of the most significant aspects of the major changes that this important portion of the Asian continent underwent during this tumultuous era in its history. This collection of cutting-edge research will be read by scholars of Middle Eastern, Central Asian, Iranian, and Islamic studies and archaeology. Contributors: D. G. Tor, Frantz Grenet, Nicholas Sims-Williams, Etsuko Kageyama, Yutaka Yoshida, Michael Shenkar, Minoru Inaba, Rocco Rante, Arezou Azad, Sören Stark, Louise Marlow, Gabrielle van den Berg, and Dilnoza Duturaeva.


Jebel Aruda: An Uruk Period Temple and Settlement in Syria

Jebel Aruda: An Uruk Period Temple and Settlement in Syria
Author: Govert van Driel
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023-07-17
Genre:
ISBN: 9789464261738

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A study of the architecture and material culture of an almost completely excavated Uruk period temple and settlement in Northern Syria.


Dynamics of Land Use, Environment, and Social Organization in the Sasanian Landscape of Eastern Iraq -- Western Iran

Dynamics of Land Use, Environment, and Social Organization in the Sasanian Landscape of Eastern Iraq -- Western Iran
Author: Mitra Panahipour
Publisher:
Total Pages: 400
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:

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Understanding human-environment interactions has been one of the main challenges in archaeological studies over recent years. Past research on the Near Eastern territorial empires in general, and the Sasanian Empire in particular, primarily emphasized the dominant role of human on landscape transformation. In addition, politically centralized schemes such as agricultural intensification and expansion of water supply systems have been at the center of most of the discussions and remained the main hypothesis of the Sasanian land use practices. This dissertation investigates population’s diverse responses to environmental variability during the Sasanian period (224-651 CE) across a landscape in eastern Iraq—western Iran. Two coping mechanisms of mobility and intensification, and how they shaped settlement and land use patterns are explored. Intensification is defined as a strategy to increase land productivity and to buffer against production failure risks, while mobility is as an adaptive strategy that takes advantage of spatial and temporal variation in environment and resource availability. Situated between the arid alluvial lowlands of southern Mesopotamia and highlands of the Zagros Mountains, the study area is comprised of a patchwork of microenvironmental zones, where its dynamic and often fluctuating climate can, on one hand, create uncertainties in land use, and on the other hand, create a zone of connection between different lifeways. With an interdisciplinary approach, I apply remote sensing and geospatial techniques, in conjunction with archaeological field survey, ethnoarchaeological data, and environmental records to reconstruct the past landscape and its anthropogenic and natural elements. Results of this research argue that we need to move beyond the exclusive model of intensification in describing settlement and land use systems of the time. This research takes a critical position against the dichotomized perspective that separates sedentary agriculturalists from mobile agropastoralists. Results show that the study area was home to an intertwined lifeway consisting of both populations and show an integrated land use based on both intensification and mobility practices. Finally, although this study only focuses on the Sasanian period, it presents a base to further research on the long-term history of human interactions with the environment.