Salinity Stress Alters Plant Insect Interactions PDF Download

Predicting the impact of climate change is one of the leading challenges of current times. Despite the potential to substantially impact crops economically, overall impacts of elevated temperature on insect-plant interactions are poorly understood, especially in agricultural systems. The goal of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of climate warming on insect herbivores, on their host plants and the interactions between them using the case of the corn earworm on tomatoes. First, the interactive effects of elevated temperature on insect herbivory (Helicoverpa zea) and resistance/tolerance traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var Better Boy) were evaluated using artificial warming. In addition to an asymmetric responses between plant and insects, novel mechanisms were identified explaining how varying temperature affected the biosynthesis of insect elicitors and the ability of insects to trigger plant defense responses; insects reared at a warmer temperatures produced significantly less glucose oxidase (GOX), which paralleled a lower level of induction of plant defensive proteins, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and trypsin protease inhibitors (TPI). Similarly, induction of plant defenses and plant resistance to the insect herbivore was highest in plants grown at above optimum temperatures but varied between damaged and undamaged leaves; herbivore growth was significantly reduced when fed on damaged leaves compared to undamaged control. These findings add an exciting new dimension to how climate change may alter plant-insect interactions. Second, using elevation as a proxy for temperature change, a field study in Nepal and greenhouse experiments at Penn State on tomato accessions from the Andes were tested to evaluate changes to plant herbivore interactions approximating the impacts of climate warming. The field study was conducted at various elevations in the Himalayan Mountains of Nepal in farmers fields to simulate climate change. Temperature varied with elevation in the field and significantly affected both insect populations and plant damage. At higher elevation, natural herbivore populations and plant damage from herbivory were significantly increased compared to low-elevation counterparts. In greenhouse experiments, changes in plant defense strategies and resistance to insect herbivory along an elevational gradient was also established by using tomato accessions adapted to a specific elevation range in South America. Plant resistance and defensive chemicals (e.g.,total phenolics content) to insect herbivory was enhanced in accessions from higher elevation. Results from both field and greenhouse experiments indicated a great deal of plasticity and variability in plant defense responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Last, the variation in induced plant defensive traits and strategies between wild and cultivated tomato genotypes was also investigated. Three different tomato genotypes were used; Solanum pimpinellifolium L. (accession LA 2093), b) cherry tomato, S. lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (accession Matts Wild Cherry), and c) cultivated tomato, S. lycopersicum L. var. Better Boy). Multiple chemical (plant volatiles, phenolics, defense proteins) and physical defenses (trichomes) in the cultivated tomato and its closest progenitors were measured. As expected, the wild species of tomato show higher levels of constitutive defenses, but the novel finding is that the cultivated tomato demonstrated the highest level of induced defenses (Paudel et al., 2019). While crop losses are expected to increase with global warming, elevated temperatures in this study produced asymmetric responses between insects and plants, indicating a more complicated response of plants and their herbivores under a climate change scenario. A plasticity in plant defense mechanisms were observed in the elevational studies which may possibly determine the amount of plant damages with expected geographical shift of insect pests towards higher elevations. Similarly, a large variation in plant defense mechanisms were demonstrated between wild and domesticated tomato genotypes which could be exploited as a component of sustainable crop protection in the face of climate change. Moving forward, we cannot assume that all of these crop-pest relationships will change in the same way due to climate warming. Therefore, future studies should include a wide range of host plants, insect herbivores (using both individual plant/herbivore pairs and groupings) and tri-trophic interactions complemented by field studies to provide more realistic assessments.