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Ruggedized Instrumentation Package for Marine Mammal Evoked Potential Hearing Measurements

Ruggedized Instrumentation Package for Marine Mammal Evoked Potential Hearing Measurements
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Total Pages: 3
Release: 2009
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The long-term goals of this research are as follows: (1) to examine the hearing of as many marine mammals and species as possible to develop an understanding of the normal hearing capabilities of these mammals, and (2) to advance the technology for testing hearing in the laboratory and the field. The specific goal of this project is to build a rugged, field-ready, portable battery-operated system to use to measure the hearing capabilities of marine mammals in the lab, on ships, on the beach, or wherever we have the opportunity. The investigators intend to assemble equipment into a field-ready system, test the system in the laboratory, improve it with use, deploy it to stranded animal and field situations as they become available, and test the hearing of those marine mammals. Work completed: new suction cups and other electrodes were built and field-tested; combined equipment was taken to Portugal and tested on the Pilot whale; combined equipment was tested on the beach on the Pygmy killer whale and the striped dolphin; multiple equipment pieces were purchased, assembled, and reconfigured; new computer programs were written and tested; and audiograms were obtained for the long-finned pilot whale, the pygmy killer whale, and the striped dolphin. Of the 85 species of whales and dolphins, we now have basic hearing measurements on 16 species. The new equipment was used to gather hearing data on two new species in the past year. Many of our audiograms come from a single animal. This equipment will greatly assist in gathering information on what marine mammals hear. If Navy operations are stopped because of the effects of noise on whales, it is imperative that we have baseline information on marine mammal hearing.

Basic Hearing and Echolocation Mechanisms of Marine Mammals: Measured Auditory Evoked Potential and Behavioral Experiments FY 2007

Basic Hearing and Echolocation Mechanisms of Marine Mammals: Measured Auditory Evoked Potential and Behavioral Experiments FY 2007
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Total Pages: 8
Release: 2007
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Marine Mammal sensory systems have evolved to effectively use acoustic energy in the oceans. My objectives are to develop a basic understanding of hearing and echolocation so that knowledge can then be applied to the solution of practical problems as they arise. The most basic hearing measurement is the audiogram which is a series of thresholds across frequencies. Of the 85 species of cetaceans we now have audiograms on 14 species. Audiograms on additional cetacean, and other marine mammal, species may be obtained from stranded animals, from animals in captive display situations, and from catch and release scenarios. We intend to obtain as many valid audiograms as possible as we seek new opportunities in new situations. Other hearing measures such as directionality of hearing are also very important and little is known on most marine mammals. These measures will also be obtained whenever possible. Most of our initial audiometric work measured hearing using behavioral responses (Nachtigall et al, 2000). Measures of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) produce the benefit of being obtained rapidly without requiring captivity or lengthy training. Our recent work (Yuen et al, 2005) shows that the two procedures, while not producing exactly the same results, are certainly comparable. So, we intend to continue using AEP measures to measure the hearing of new species and to continue to measure hearing in other situations. Our initial work on temporary threshold shifts (Nachtigall et al 2003, 2004) with exposures up to 50 minutes combined with shorter term exposures led to an equal energy hypothesis in which it was assumed that the amount of TTS was dependent on the amount of energy received relatively independent of the time of exposure. An objective of our recent work (Mooney et al, 2006) has been to examine whether the equal energy hypothesis is valid for short exposure times.

An Integrated Computer-Controlled System for Marine Mammal Auditory Testing

An Integrated Computer-Controlled System for Marine Mammal Auditory Testing
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Total Pages: 0
Release: 2003
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This document describes the operation of the computer program HTP. EXE, which was designed to allow computer control of marine mammal hearing tests. The system uses the psychophysical "staircase" method and a behavioral response paradigm to estimate hearing thresholds in trained subjects. The program is suitable for isolated hearing threshold measurements and paired measurements made before and after exposure to threshold-affecting treatments (e.g., exposure to intense sound or other ototoxic agent). Although specifically designed for use with marine mammals, the program is appropriate for use with any subject trained for participation in a behavioral response paradigm.

Pathologic Findings in Stranded Marine Mammals: A Global Perspective

Pathologic Findings in Stranded Marine Mammals: A Global Perspective
Author: Gregory Dana Bossart
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 387
Release: 2022-02-09
Genre: Science
ISBN: 2889743128
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This project is posthumously dedicated to Dr. Gregory Dana Bossart. Whether you knew him as colleague, mentor, friend, family member or simply ‘knew of him’, you could not help but be awestruck by his dedication, intelligence, thoughtfulness, work ethic and passion for scientific inquiry, especially for conservation of the marine environment Many of his publications were seminal in marine mammal health, including infectious, environmental and zoonotic diseases. As we collected manuscripts for this special Frontiers edition, it was heartwarming to hear the comments from contributors. So many research scientists, field biologists and veterinarians could easily have given up and said, ‘I just can’t do this now’, especially with the added challenges posed by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Instead, contributors from around the world were determined to contribute to this collection because of their inspiration and shared commitment with Greg’s vision. The love and admiration within the marine community for Greg is phenomenal. With that said, we would be remiss if we did not say a few words about Greg as a mentor and friend. Greg had a knack for helping students realize their abilities and pursue their own independent contributions to the marine mammal community. He shared in their successes and worked tirelessly to facilitate their aspirations. Greg would involve students, early-career scientists and colleagues in projects, introduce them to collaborators and promote them and their work. Greg was a genuinely caring person. When he asked you ‘how are you doing’, he honestly wanted to know. He was always there, ready to listen and provide guidance. If you were to ask Greg what was most important to him in life, he would say God, family and marine life (and one could argue that he had a special fondness for manatees). He believed in the beauty of nature and that God had a hand in all of it. He was in pursuit of ensuring that we all share this earth responsibly and sustainably. We miss Greg dearly, but honor and celebrate him as we carry on in our pursuits.

Marine Mammals and Noise

Marine Mammals and Noise
Author: W. John Richardson
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 593
Release: 2013-10-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0080573037
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Many marine mammals communicate by emitting sounds that pass through water. Such sounds can be received across great distances and can influence the behavior of these undersea creatures. In the past few decades, the oceans have become increasingly noisy, as underwater sounds from propellers, sonars, and other human activities make it difficult for marine mammals to communicate. This book discusses, among many other topics, just how well marine mammals hear, how noisy the oceans have become, and what effects these new sounds have on marine mammals. The baseline of ambient noise, the sounds produced by machines and mammals, the sensitivity of marine mammal hearing, and the reactions of marine mammals are also examined. An essential addition to any marine biologist's library, Marine Mammals and Noise will be especially appealing to marine mammalogists, researchers, policy makers and regulators, and marine biologists and oceanographers using sound in their research.

Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise

Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 142
Release: 2005-01-24
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0309133491
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Attention has been drawn to the subject of how ocean noise affects marine mammals by a series of marine mammal strandings, lawsuits, and legislative hearings, and most recently, the report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. One way to assess the impact of ocean noise is to consider whether it causes changes in animal behavior that are "biologically significant," that is, those that affect an animal's ability to grow, survive, and reproduce. This report offers a conceptual model designed to clarify which marine mammal behaviors are biologically significant for conservation purposes. The report is intended to help scientists and policymakers interpret provisions of the federal Marine Mammal Protection Act.

The Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Mammals

The Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Mammals
Author: Alexander Ya. Supin
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 341
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1461516471
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This book is actually a product of efforts of many people, not only of the authors. W ide investigations of marine mammals began in Russia (that time, in the former Soviet Union) in the 1960s when a few teams of enthusiasts founded in captivity experimental stations intended for keeping dolphins and seals and for performing experimental studies of these fascinating animals. It was a time when attention of many people throughout the world was attracted to dolphins and other marine mammals due to appearance of oceanariums and dolphinariums, which demonstrated unique capabilities of these animals. So scientists in many countries concentrated on studies of them. There was much to learn about the morphology, physiology, and psychology of marine mammals, and investigators spending their time and efforts on studies in this field were rewarded by a number of surprising findings. The authors of this book represent one of such research teams focused on the neuro- and sensory physiology of marine mammals. A few decades of studies naturally resulted in the idea to summarize in a book both the results of these studies and a large body of data in adjacent fields. Our goal was to synthesize the many research findings and the present knowledge on sensory capabilities and mechanisms of sensory systems of aquatic mammals. We realize, however, that the appearance of this book was made possible due to the help and assistance of many colleagues.

ASA S3/SC1.4 TR-2014 Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles: A Technical Report prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC1 and registered with ANSI

ASA S3/SC1.4 TR-2014 Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles: A Technical Report prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC1 and registered with ANSI
Author: Arthur N. Popper
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 87
Release: 2014-07-07
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3319066595
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This Technical Report presents the outcome of a Working Group that was established to determine broadly applicable sound exposure guidelines for fishes and sea turtles. After consideration of the diversity of fish and sea turtles, guidelines were developed for broad groups of animals, defined by the way they detect sound. Different sound sources were considered in terms of their acoustic characteristics and appropriate metrics defined for measurement of the received levels. The resultant sound exposure guidelines are presented in a set of tables. In some cases numerical guidelines are provided, expressed in appropriate metrics. When there were insufficient data to support numerical values, the relative likelihood of effects occurring was evaluated, although the actual likelihood of effects depends on the received level. These sound exposure guidelines, which are based on the best scientific information at the time of writing, should be treated as interim. The expectation is that with more research the guidelines can be refined and more cells in the tables completed. Recommendations are put forward defining the research requirements of highest priority for extending these interim exposure guidelines.

Noise and Military Service

Noise and Military Service
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 339
Release: 2006-01-20
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0309099498
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The Institute of Medicine carried out a study mandated by Congress and sponsored by the Department of Veterans Affairs to provide an assessment of several issues related to noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus associated with service in the Armed Forces since World War II. The resulting book, Noise and Military Service: Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus, presents findings on the presence of hazardous noise in military settings, levels of noise exposure necessary to cause hearing loss or tinnitus, risk factors for noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus, the timing of the effects of noise exposure on hearing, and the adequacy of military hearing conservation programs and audiometric testing. The book stresses the importance of conducting hearing tests (audiograms) at the beginning and end of military service for all military personnel and recommends several steps aimed at improving the military services' prevention of and surveillance for hearing loss and tinnitus. The book also identifies research needs, emphasizing topics specifically related to military service.