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Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration

Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 464
Release: 2012-01-30
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0309163846
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More than four decades have passed since a human first set foot on the Moon. Great strides have been made in our understanding of what is required to support an enduring human presence in space, as evidenced by progressively more advanced orbiting human outposts, culminating in the current International Space Station (ISS). However, of the more than 500 humans who have so far ventured into space, most have gone only as far as near-Earth orbit, and none have traveled beyond the orbit of the Moon. Achieving humans' further progress into the solar system had proved far more difficult than imagined in the heady days of the Apollo missions, but the potential rewards remain substantial. During its more than 50-year history, NASA's success in human space exploration has depended on the agency's ability to effectively address a wide range of biomedical, engineering, physical science, and related obstacles-an achievement made possible by NASA's strong and productive commitments to life and physical sciences research for human space exploration, and by its use of human space exploration infrastructures for scientific discovery. The Committee for the Decadal Survey of Biological and Physical Sciences acknowledges the many achievements of NASA, which are all the more remarkable given budgetary challenges and changing directions within the agency. In the past decade, however, a consequence of those challenges has been a life and physical sciences research program that was dramatically reduced in both scale and scope, with the result that the agency is poorly positioned to take full advantage of the scientific opportunities offered by the now fully equipped and staffed ISS laboratory, or to effectively pursue the scientific research needed to support the development of advanced human exploration capabilities. Although its review has left it deeply concerned about the current state of NASA's life and physical sciences research, the Committee for the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space is nevertheless convinced that a focused science and engineering program can achieve successes that will bring the space community, the U.S. public, and policymakers to an understanding that we are ready for the next significant phase of human space exploration. The goal of this report is to lay out steps and develop a forward-looking portfolio of research that will provide the basis for recapturing the excitement and value of human spaceflight-thereby enabling the U.S. space program to deliver on new exploration initiatives that serve the nation, excite the public, and place the United States again at the forefront of space exploration for the global good.

America's Future in Space

America's Future in Space
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 107
Release: 2009-09-16
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0309145384
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As civil space policies and programs have evolved, the geopolitical environment has changed dramatically. Although the U.S. space program was originally driven in large part by competition with the Soviet Union, the nation now finds itself in a post-Cold War world in which many nations have established, or are aspiring to develop, independent space capabilities. Furthermore discoveries from developments in the first 50 years of the space age have led to an explosion of scientific and engineering knowledge and practical applications of space technology. The private sector has also been developing, fielding, and expanding the commercial use of space-based technology and systems. Recognizing the new national and international context for space activities, America's Future in Space is meant to advise the nation on key goals and critical issues in 21st century U.S. civil space policy.

Beyond Earth

Beyond Earth
Author: Bob Krone
Publisher:
Total Pages: 308
Release: 2006
Genre: Nature
ISBN:
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This is a critical time for the space program, and for all of us. Even the significant steps that we have taken since the dawn of the space age in 1957, including orbital flight, the Moon landings, and orbiting space stations, will in retrospect seem to be tiny steps compared to what lies ahead. Migrating into space will challenge us beyond anything we have previously accomplished, and we are destined to face adventures that are both fantastically breathtaking and supremely dangerous. "Beyond Earth" is for everyone interested in humankind's next great adventure -- the human settlement of the Solar System. A unique collection of world-class scholars, scientists, engineers, managers, astronauts, artists, authors, and professors examine the key questions of our unique circumstance at the dawn of a new era in space exploration and development: Why does space matter to us? What can we use it for? How can we get there efficiently? What will ordinary life be like in space? What will our homes be like on the Moon? On Mars? In orbit? Will we play? Will we love? The book does not stop with questions. It goes beyond the dramatic, the superficial, and the overly technical to the prescriptive, literally laying the brick and mortar for our future space faring civilisation. Contributing authors come from both hard and soft sciences; include education and the arts; and ask children, who will be the future space dwellers, for their visions. They document needed research. There are three underlying assumptions driving this book: First, that the human urge for flight, exploration and survival, plus its curiosity about the universe, are deeply embedded in our genes and in our minds; Second, that even if these urges were ignored, the continual improvement of the quality of life for the human race on earth, and perhaps even its ultimate survival, hinge on the successes of human exploration and habitation of space; and, Third that our generation can use the opportunity presented by outwards expansion to design a rewarding and exciting future of collaboration to capitalise on the lessons learned from human history on Earth.

The Future of Space Exploration

The Future of Space Exploration
Author: Zena Moeller
Publisher: Nova Snova
Total Pages: 453
Release: 2018
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9781536141474
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This book details current international collaborations in space exploration and outlines a path for inclusion of private sector space missions.

Research for a Future in Space

Research for a Future in Space
Author: Committee for the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 32
Release: 2012-07-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0309261031
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During its more than 50-year history, NASA's success in human space exploration has depended on the agency's ability to effectively address a wide range of biomedical, engineering, physical sciences, and related obstacles. This achievement is made possible by NASA's strong and productive commitments to life and physical sciences research for human space exploration, and by its use of human space exploration infrastructures for scientific discovery. Research for a Future in Space: The Role of Life and Physical Sciences explains how unique characteristics of the space environment can be used to address complex problems in the life and physical sciences. This booklet also helps deliver both new knowledge and practical benefits for humankind as it embarks on a new era of space exploration. Research for a Future in Space: The Role of Life and Physical Sciences is based on the in depth report, Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era. To learn more about the future of space exploration, visit our catalog page and download this report for free.

Launching Science

Launching Science
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 157
Release: 2009-02-12
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0309178118
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In January 2004 NASA was given a new policy direction known as the Vision for Space Exploration. That plan, now renamed the United States Space Exploration Policy, called for sending human and robotic missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. In 2005 NASA outlined how to conduct the first steps in implementing this policy and began the development of a new human-carrying spacecraft known as Orion, the lunar lander known as Altair, and the launch vehicles Ares I and Ares V. Collectively, these are called the Constellation System. In November 2007 NASA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to evaluate the potential for new science opportunities enabled by the Constellation System of rockets and spacecraft. The NRC committee evaluated a total of 17 mission concepts for future space science missions. Of those, the committee determined that 12 would benefit from the Constellation System and five would not. This book presents the committee's findings and recommendations, including cost estimates, a review of the technical feasibility of each mission, and identification of the missions most deserving of future study.

Beyond: Our Future in Space

Beyond: Our Future in Space
Author: Chris Impey
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
Total Pages: 320
Release: 2015-04-13
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0393246647
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“Expansive and enlightening. . . . Impey packs his prose with wonderful anecdotes and weird factoids.”—New York Times Book Review Human exploration has been an unceasing engine of technological progress, from the first homo sapiens to leave our African cradle to a future in which mankind promises to settle another world. Beyond tells the epic story of humanity leaving home—and how humans will soon thrive in the vast universe beyond the earth. A dazzling and propulsive voyage through space and time, Beyond reveals how centuries of space explorers—from the earliest stargazers to today’s cutting-edge researchers—all draw inspiration from an innate human emotion: wanderlust. This urge to explore led us to multiply around the globe, and it can be traced in our DNA. Today, the urge to discover manifests itself in jaw-dropping ways: plans for space elevators poised to replace rockets at a fraction of the cost; experiments in suspending and reanimating life for ultra-long-distance travel; prototypes for solar sails that coast through space on the momentum of microwaves released from the Earth. With these ventures, private companies and entrepreneurs have the potential to outpace NASA as the leaders in a new space race. Combining expert knowledge of astronomy and avant-garde technology, Chris Impey guides us through the heady possibilities for the next century of exploration. In twenty years, a vibrant commercial space industry will be operating. In thirty years, there will be small but viable colonies on the Moon and Mars. In fifty years, mining technology will have advanced enough to harvest resources from asteroids. In a hundred years, a cohort of humans born off-Earth will come of age without ever visiting humanity’s home planet. This is not the stuff of science fiction but rather the logical extension of already available technologies. Beyond shows that space exploration is not just the domain of technocrats, but the birthright of everyone and the destiny of generations to come. To continue exploration is to ensure our survival. Outer space, a limitless unknown, awaits us.

Russian Space Probes

Russian Space Probes
Author: Brian Harvey
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 514
Release: 2011-05-04
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1441981500
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Brian Harvey recounts for the first time the definitive history of scientific Russian space probes and the knowledge they acquired of the Earth, its environment, the Moon, Mars and Venus. He examines what Russian Space Science has actually achieved in furthering our knowledge of the Solar System, focusing on the instrumentation and scientific objectives and outcomes, the information gained and lessons learnt. Boxes and charts are used extensively in order to convey in an easily understandable manner for the non-scientific reader the problems and issues addressed and solved by Soviet space science. The book opens with the story of early space science in Russia, which started when the first Russian rockets were fired into the high atmosphere from Kapustin Yar in the late 1940s. Instruments were carried to measure and map the atmosphere and later rockets carried dogs to test their reactions to weightlessness. In order to beat America into Earth orbit, two simpler satellites than originally planned were launched, Sputnik and Sputnik 2, which provided some initial information on atmospheric density, while the following Sputnik 3 carried twelve instruments to measure radiation belts, solar radiation, the density of the atmosphere and the Earth’s magnetic field. The author recounts how, by the 1960s, the Soviet Union had developed a program of investigation of near-Earth space using satellites within the Cosmos program, in particular the DS (Dnepropetrovsky Sputnik), small satellites developed to investigate meteoroids, radiation, the magnetic fields, the upper atmosphere, solar activity, ionosphere, charged particles, cosmic rays and geophysics. Brian Harvey then gives the scientific results from Russian lunar exploration, starting with the discovery of the solar wind by the First Cosmic Ship and the initial mapping of the lunar far side by the Automatic Interplanetary Station. He describes Luna 10, which made the first full study of the lunar environment, Luna 16 which brought soil back to Earth and the two Moon rovers which travelled 50 kms across the lunar surface taking thousands of measurements, soil analyses and photographs, as well as profiles of discrete areas. Chapters 4 and 5 describe in detail the scientific outcomes of the missions to Venus and Mars, before considering the orbiting space stations in Chapter 6. Space science formed an important part of the early manned space program, the prime focus being the human reaction to weightlessness, how long people could stay in orbit and the effects on the body, as well as radiation exposure. Chapter 7 looks at the later stage of Soviet and Russian space science, including Astron and Granat, the two observatories of the 1980s, and Bion, the space biology program which flew monkeys and other animals into orbit. The final chapter looks forward to a new period of Russian space science with the Spektr series of observatories and a range smaller science satellites under the Federal Space Plan 2006-2015.

Future Space Problems and Their Solutions

Future Space Problems and Their Solutions
Author: Joseph J. Smulsky
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2018
Genre: Celestial mechanics
ISBN: 9781536137385
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The emergence, existence and development of the surrounding world, both on Earth and throughout the universe, are due to the gravitational interactions of many bodies. This book is devoted to the calculation of bodies movements in various cases of interaction that are relevant now and in the future. They are developed for the free access of the Galactica system, which is designed to provide the numerical solution for problems of the gravitational interaction of N-bodies. It tackles a whole range of problems: The optimal motion of the spacecraft, the evolution of the solar system for 100 million years, the influence of the Sun on Mercurys perihelion, the motion of near-Earth asteroids, the evolution of Earth's rotation axis, etc. As a result of solving a number of problems, new knowledge about our world was obtained. The optimal trajectory of the spacecraft approaching the Sun is determined by numerical integration of the equations of motion for spacecraft, planets, the Sun, and the Moon. Exact solutions to the problem of the Newtonian gravitational interaction of N material points moving around N2 concentric circular orbits are reviewed. Each circular orbit contains N3 located bodies and the body system rotates as an entity. Solutions in various forms were obtained. A computer program has been developed. Structures comprising up to one million bodies have been calculated. The Galactica system is used for computing movements of two asteroids: Apophis and 1950DA. The evolution of their movement over a span of 1,000 years is investigated. The moments of their closest passages near the Earth are defined. The different ways of asteroid trajectory transformations into orbits of the Earths satellites are considered. This book proves that the rate of Mercurys perihelion rotation and relatively motionless space coincides with the Newtonian interaction of the planets and the oblate Sun. The issues connected with the Astronomical Theory of Ice Ages from the perspective of celestial mechanics are examined. Differential equations of rotational motion are solved with the help of the numerical method without simplification. The evolution of the Earth's axis was examined, and the periods of its oscillations that coincide with the observed ones were obtained. The calculations for a hundred thousand years demonstrate significant oscillation of the Earths axis. The oscillations of the Earths axis result in such oscillations of insolation that explain the paleoclimate changes. The exact solution to the problem, in which the bodies are uniformly distributed over a sphere, were obtained; they move experiencing no mutual collisions. The problem solution allows the formation of several planets for instance, one hundred planets resembling the Earth and moving under identical conditions with respect to the Sun. The latter possibility opens a way toward unrestricted progress for mankind. The book describes all the theoretical, practical issues and the Galactica system manual so that even a novice researcher could use it in his/her works.