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Representational Plasticity During Task Performance and Learning in the Avian Auditory Cortex

Representational Plasticity During Task Performance and Learning in the Avian Auditory Cortex
Author: Daniel Philip Knudsen
Publisher:
Total Pages: 111
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN: 9781303175633
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The brain's representation of the auditory world is not static, but changes based on an animal's history and current goals. We explored experience-dependent changes in both behavioral and neural representations of behaviorally relevant auditory stimuli in the caudal a secondary auditory fore brainregion, in European starlings. To accomplish this, we first designed and built a system that facilitated simultaneous neural and behavioral recording, allowing--for the first time--neural responses to be recorded while birds performed auditory-mediated operant tasks. We found that when birds were engaged in an auditory task, neurons had more information in their stimulus-driven firing rates about the task-relevant stimulus classes than when birds were not engaged in the task. We also trained birds to quickly learn novel stimulus classifications and showed that neural responses change over the course of learning. For most neurons, stimulus-driven neural responses decreased with learning, and they did so most strongly for the newly learned stimuli. We suggest that these effects may be due in part to stimulus-specific adaptation, and its modulation by behavioral state. We also observed the formation of task-dependent firing rate modulation with learning. These results highlight the plasticity of the avian auditory system, and further our understanding of the way that nervous systems adapt to the changing environment and behavioral goals of an organism.

Plasticity in auditory cortex on the grounds of learning discrimination

Plasticity in auditory cortex on the grounds of learning discrimination
Author: Hans Menning
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Total Pages: 128
Release: 2005-01-19
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 3638340554
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Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2002 in the subject Psychology - Biological Psychology, grade: magna cum laude, University of Münster (Institute for Experimental Audiology), language: English, abstract: The motivation for this thesis came from the intriguing idea that we continuously restructure our brain through everyday learning. How can this highly complex, highly adaptive “learning device” change and reorganize itself all the time while keeping the illusion that we are constantly “ourselves”? The question is, whether learning has the power to trigger functional and structural changes in the brain. Several levels of thinking are involved in an interdisciplinary way. Thus, on a psychological level, 3 major topics enter this work: learning, memory and preconscious or pre-attentive perception and processing of information. Pre-attentive perception means that the subjects' attention and awareness is not mirrored in the neuronal response at a great deal. Learning is involved in this study as an improving discrimination of fine frequency and word duration differences; the latter was examined in a group of native and non-native speakers. Memory is referred to as sensory memory, a short-time memory trace that is established through the repetition of the same “standard” stimulus. In the auditory modality this has been termed “echoic memory”. A long, repetitive training engraves deep “traces” into the memory. The lifelong training of one’s native language results in a very fast and highly automated long-term memory access. On a neurophysiological level the main topics are plasticity and the reorganization of the underlying representational brain areas. Plastic changes on a molecular, synaptic and neuronal level and reorganization of cortical “maps” have been demonstrated abundantly in animal studies. On a physical level the measured magnetic fields and the calculation of the source parameters of their underlying neural generators are discussed in the light of the neurophysiological and psychological phenomena. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation thesis was, to transfer the insights of animal plasticity research onto the human brain and to draw a connection line between discrimination learning and the underlying neurophysiological changes. In a second step, these effects of discrimination learning are tested on speech perception.

Associative Representational Plasticity in Primary Auditory Cortex

Associative Representational Plasticity in Primary Auditory Cortex
Author: Gabriel Arthur Elias
Publisher:
Total Pages: 104
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN: 9781321367348
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Classical views on the functional organization of the cerebral cortex portray primary sensory regions as passive recipients of sensory impressions. Over the past half century or so, a body of work has accumulated in opposition of this view, which endows primary sensory regions with cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, classically localized elsewhere. Most extensively studied in the primary auditory cortex (A1), learning has been repeatedly shown to coincide with the induction of neural changes that not only enhance coding of behaviorally relevant sounds, but alter the way auditory stimuli are processed in general. The term representational plasticity (RP) has been adopted to collectively refer to these learning related changes in the processing or representation of behaviorally relevant stimuli. Recently a number of studies have demonstrated that RP, induced during learning, dissipates with extended training without impacting a subject's performance. Such findings stand at odds with a body of evidence supporting a mnemonic function for RP but might be explained by when considered in light of learning strategy use. Learning strategy, i.e. the way animals use environmental cues to solve a problem, has been identified as a critical factor regulating the induction of RP. The first experiment sought to better understand the relationship between learning strategy and RP by examining the effects of overtraining on strategy use and RP. During overtraining, map renormalization occurred and the degree of renormalization was correlated with the degree to which animals stopped utilizing a tone-onset-to-error (TOTE) strategy. We developed a novel behavioral analysis method to track and quantify strategy use during training. This revealed that strategy use was much more dynamic of a process than was previously realized. This prompted a critical test of the factor underlying the relationship between TOTE and RP. This test showed that use of the TOTE strategy alone was not sufficient to produce RP, indicating that RP was in fact related to learning. These results compelled a reconceptualization of learning strategy in a more general light. Collectively, the experiments in this dissertation provide the framework for a new understanding of the relationship between learning strategy and RP.

Specific Associative Representational Plasticity in the Primary Auditory Cortex

Specific Associative Representational Plasticity in the Primary Auditory Cortex
Author: Katarzyna Maria Bieszczad
Publisher:
Total Pages: 283
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN: 9781109529395
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A major function of the cortex is to dynamically subserve the content of memory. Growing evidence largely in the realm of auditory learning has described associative representational plasticity (ARP) even at the first stages of cortical involvement in the primary auditory cortex (A1). ARP has all the characteristics of associative memory: it is formed rapidly and specifically for signal stimuli, its induction consolidates without further bouts of training, and it can last over the longest time intervals studied. Thus, activity in A1 is not merely a pure reflection of the sensation of particular sounds, but is cognitively involved in the service of learning and memory. This dissertation propels the conceptualization of learning-related A1 plasticity into a larger functional domain. The findings herein (1) demand the need to reveal behavioral factors that are critical for the development of ARP and (2) illustrate that the functional advantages of ARP consequent to its development after learning are largely unknown, but are in fact determinable. I identified a critical factor for the induction of ARP: learning strategy. Learning strategies are defined as the collection of external cues that animals utilize to solve behavioral problems (e.g., to obtain reward or avoid punishment). Animals can use a variety of strategies to successfully solve problems, even in identical tasks. In A1, a strategy dependent on tone onsets, as opposed to offsets, appears to be critical not only for the induction, but also for the degree of emergent plasticity with learning. It has largely been assumed that the purpose for plasticity is the same as the cause for its development, i.e., to support the learned behavior. However ARP has a general function for memory. Here, I describe that signal-specific gains in representational area in A1 confer an enhancement in the strength of the auditory content of memory. Overall, this dissertation indicates an interaction more complex than has been previously appreciated between learning, memory and the cortical substrates thereof. This includes consideration of cortical representational plasticity dictated by the specific strategies animals use to learn, and the consequent role of signal-specific representational plasticity for the content of memory.

Development and Plasticity in the Primary Auditory Cortex

Development and Plasticity in the Primary Auditory Cortex
Author: Heesoo Kim
Publisher:
Total Pages: 94
Release: 2011
Genre:
ISBN:
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The early acoustic environment plays a crucial role in how the brain represents sounds and how language phonemes are perceived. Human infants are born with the capacity to distinguish phonemes from virtually all languages, but very quickly change their perceptual ability to match that of their primary language. This has been described as the Perceptual Magnet Effect in humans, where phoneme tokens are perceived to be more similar than they physically are, leading to decreased discrimination ability. Early development is marked by distinct critical periods, when cortical regions are highly plastic and particularly sensitive to sensory input. These lasting alterations in cortical sensory representation may directly impact the perception of the external world. My thesis is comprised of three different studies, all of which investigate the role of the developmental acoustic environment on cortical representation and the behavioral consequence of altered cortical representation. Passive exposure to pure-tone pips during the auditory critical period can lead to over-representation of the exposure tone frequency in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of rats. This over-representation is associated with decreased discrimination ability of that frequency, similar to the Perceptual Magnet Effect in humans. Another hallmark of human language is categorical perception. Using a computational model of A1, I show that certain representation patterns (which may be achieved with passive exposure to two distinct pure-tone pips) in A1 can lead to categorical perception in rats. This suggests that cortical representation may be a mechanism that drives categorical perception. Rodents are socially vocal animals whose con-specific calls are often presented in bouts in the ultrasonic frequency range. These calls are vocalized at ethologically relevant repetition rates. I show that pure-tone pips that are presented at the ethological repetition rate (but not slower or faster rates) during the auditory critical period lead to over-representation of the pure-tone frequency. A certain subclass of ultrasonic vocalizations, the pup isolation calls, occurs during the auditory critical period. I show that there is over representation of ultrasonic vocalization frequencies in the rat A1. This preferential representation is experience-dependent and is associated with higher discrimination ability.

Emergent Brain Dynamics

Emergent Brain Dynamics
Author: April A. Benasich
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 339
Release: 2022-06-07
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0262545721
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Experts explore the maturation of nonlinear brain dynamics from a developmental perspective and consider the relationship of neurodevelopmental disorders to early disruption in dynamic coordination. This volume in the Strüngmann Forum Reports series explores the complex mechanisms that accompany the dynamic processes by which the brain evolves and matures. Integrating perspectives from multiple disciplines, the book identifies knowledge gaps and proposes innovative ways forward for this emerging area of cross-disciplinary study. The contributors examine maturation of nonlinear brain dynamics across systems from a developmental perspective and relate these organizing networks to the establishment of normative cognition and pathology seen in many neurodevelopmental disorders. The book looks at key mechanistic questions, including: What role does dynamic coordination play in the establishment and maintenance of brain networks and structural and functional connectivity? How are local and global functional networks assembled and transformed over normative development? To what degree do oscillatory patterns vary across development? What is the impact of critical periods, and which factors initiate and terminate such periods? It also explores the potential of new technologies and techniques to enhance understanding of normative development and to enable early identification and remediation of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders that may result from early disruption in dynamic coordination. Contributors Sylvain Baillet, Yehezkel Ben-Ari, April A. Benasich, Olivier Bertrand, Gyorgy Buzsáki, Alain Chédotal, Sam M. Doesburg, Gordin Fishell, Adriana Galván, Jennifer N. Gelinas, Jay Giedd, Pierre Gressens, Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz, Rowshanak Hashemiyoon, Takao K. Hensch, Suzana Herculano-Houzel, Mark Hübener, Mark, Matthias Kaschube, Michael S. Kobor, Bryan Kolb, Thorsten Kolling, Jean-Philippe Lachaux, Ulman Lindenberger, Heiko J. Luhmann, Hannah Monyer, Sarah R. Moore, Charles A. Nelson III, Tomáš Paus, Patrick L. Purdon, Pasko Rakic, Urs Ribary, Akira Sawa, Terrence J. Sejnowski, Wolf Singer, Cheryl L. Sisk, Nicholas C. Spitzer, Michael P. Stryker, Migranka Sur, Peter J. Uhlhaas

Discovering the Brain

Discovering the Brain
Author: National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 195
Release: 1992-01-01
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0309045290
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The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."

Cognitive Plasticity in Neurologic Disorders

Cognitive Plasticity in Neurologic Disorders
Author: Joseph I. Tracy
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Total Pages: 433
Release: 2014-12-02
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0199965242
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This volume makes clear that the cognitive and behavioural symptoms of neurologic disorders and syndromes are dynamic and changing. Each chapter describes the neuroplastic processes at work in a particular condition, giving rise to these ongoing cognitive changes.

Integrative Preventive Medicine

Integrative Preventive Medicine
Author: Richard H. Carmona
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 585
Release: 2018
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 019024125X
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For most clinicians, the science and evidence for many integrative therapies is largely unknown or considered suspect. Most physicians don't have time to learn integrative approaches and aren't sure what to recommend or which approaches have merit or improved outcomes. In Integrative Preventive Medicine, clinicians have easy access to the best practices in integrative medicine and expectations for outcomes. The current state of the science is also presented. Authors are leaders in their fields, with decades of expertise and leadership in their fields.

Frames of Reference for Pediatric Occupational Therapy

Frames of Reference for Pediatric Occupational Therapy
Author: Paula Kramer
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Total Pages: 608
Release: 2018-12-07
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1975140346
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Publisher's Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Frames of Reference for Pediatric Occupational Therapy, Fourth Edition, uses frames of reference for diagnostic categories (neuro-development, social participation, etc.) as effective blueprints for applying theory to pediatric OT practice. Updated with new chapters, case examples, and a new focus on evidence-based practice. This proven approach helps students understand the “why” of each frame of reference before moving on to the “how” of creating effective treatment programs to help pediatric clients lead richer, fuller lives. The book first covers the foundations of frames reference for pediatric OT (Section I), and then covers commonly used frames of reference such as motor skill acquisition, biomechanical, and sensory integration (Section II). A final section discusses newer focused/specific frames of reference like handwriting skills and social participation. A standardized format within each frame of reference chapter covers the same elements (Theoretical Base, Supporting Evidence, the Function/Dysfunction Continuum, Guide to Evaluation, and Application to Practice) to help students build the knowledge and skills needed for effective practice.