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Regional Perspectives on Norms of Behaviour for Outer Space Activities

Regional Perspectives on Norms of Behaviour for Outer Space Activities
Author: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
Publisher:
Total Pages: 56
Release: 2015
Genre: Outer space
ISBN:
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"The importance of outer space continues to grow exponentially around the world. As space activities increase and more States becoming spacefaring, or increase their reliance on space services, developing necessary mechanisms for State-to-State interaction on space topics has become an increasing focus of the international community. For many years, UNIDIR efforts have been concentrated on supporting dialogue and discussion on developing the next phases of mechanisms for building an effective space security regime; one that can meet the needs of international community in future interactions on civil, commercial and international security related space issues. To this end, as part of UNIDIR's 'Facilitating the Process for the Development of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities' project, UNIDIR developed a series of analytical papers and carried out a series of regional meetings focused on the development of norms of behaviour for outer space activities. Over 150 governmental and non-governmental participants attended UNIDIR's regional seminars with representation from over 50 countries. This level of engagement demonstrates the growing commitment of governments around the world to make progress on developing norms of behaviour that can contribute to the development of a stable, resilient, comprehensive space security regime. This also underlines the importance of inclusive fora where all space actors are engaged. This publication is a compendium of six papers and four seminar reports which provide both analytical thinking and a snapshot of the views and opinions of a wide swathe of space actors--established and emerging, current and future. We would like to thank the European Union for their financial support of this project and the governments of Ethiopia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, and in the context of the ASEAN Regional Forum, Australia and Viet Nam, for their hosting and/or support. UNIDIR will continue to support the international community in all aspects of international dialogue on building agreement on norms of behaviour for outer space activities, including discussions working towards an international code of conduct and other non-legally binding and legally binding initiatives. We hope you find these documents a useful contribution to your thinking and we look forward to continuing to cooperate with all those with space equities in the future. The importance of outer space continues to grow exponentially around the world. As space activities increase and more States becoming spacefaring, or increase their reliance on space services, developing necessary mechanisms for State-to-State interaction on space topics has become an increasing focus of the international community. For many years, UNIDIR efforts have been concentrated on supporting dialogue and discussion on developing the next phases of mechanisms for building an effective space security regime; one that can meet the needs of international community in future interactions on civil, commercial and international security related space issues. To this end, as part of UNIDIR's 'Facilitating the Process for the Development of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities' project, UNIDIR developed a series of analytical papers and carried out a series of regional meetings focused on the development of norms of behaviour for outer space activities. Over 150 governmental and non-governmental participants attended UNIDIR's regional seminars with representation from over 50 countries. This level of engagement demonstrates the growing commitment of governments around the world to make progress on developing norms of behaviour that can contribute to the development of a stable, resilient, comprehensive space security regime. This also underlines the importance of inclusive fora where all space actors are engaged. This publication is a compendium of six papers and four seminar reports which provide both analytical thinking and a snapshot of the views and opinions of a wide swathe of space actors--established and emerging, current and future. We would like to thank the European Union for their financial support of this project and the governments of Ethiopia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, and in the context of the ASEAN Regional Forum, Australia and Viet Nam, for their hosting and/or support. UNIDIR will continue to support the international community in all aspects of international dialogue on building agreement on norms of behaviour for outer space activities, including discussions working towards an international code of conduct and other non-legally binding and legally binding initiatives. We hope you find these documents a useful contribution to your thinking and we look forward to continuing to cooperate with all those with space equities in the future."--Page 1.

Seeking Comprehensive Solutions in Space

Seeking Comprehensive Solutions in Space
Author: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
Publisher:
Total Pages: 6
Release: 2013
Genre: Space law
ISBN:
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"Over the last few decades, there has been a significant increase globally in the use of space-based services, with more and more actors becoming engaged in space activities. Nearly every state on Earth has some reliance on space technologies. The nature of a state's space activities is shaped by a wide range of social, economic, and political factors, resulting in a broad range of diverse space capabilities. This is particularly evident in the Americas. The United States of America, a leader in space activities for more than 50 years, continues to invest its significant resources into developing extensive civilian and military space programmes to meet its national needs. Most other state space actors in the region, particularly states of Latin America and the Caribbean, have relatively recently begun investing in space technology and have focused their efforts largely on enhancing telecommunication and scientific investigation. Despite their differences, space programmes across the region share a common vision of using space-based benefits to facilitate sustainable socioeconomic development and enhance the lives of all people. At present, all space activities are at risk from a number of natural and man-made threats to space stability, ranging from solar radiation to space debris. Man-made threats are, in particular, on the rise as outer space becomes increasingly congested and contested, a result of more and more actors seeking to utilize space to meet their specific needs. Due to the physical characteristics of space, many space activities, even if conducted carefully, can have widely-felt consequences for all actors. For example, any space actor, whether established or emerging, can be responsible for a collision that results in the creation of space debris, which in turn can lead to further collisions. Members of the international community are increasingly aware of the importance of space activities being carried out in a manner that will not jeopardize the future use of the space domain. Against this backdrop, several multilateral initiatives have arisen that seek to address space security threats through the establishment of norms of behaviour for space activities. These norms represent voluntary "rules of the road" for space activities, providing actors with guidance on the parameters of responsible behaviour in space. Such voluntary measures are implemented or adhered to by states through domestic means, making wide-spread support for norms of behaviour a critical factor for their effectiveness. While seen as a potentially valuable and timely tool for addressing space security and sustainability, developing international norms that are able to command wide-spread support presents numerous challenges because of the wide range of needs and interests at play. These challenges are particularly acute in the Americas where there are sharp divides between the technical and political needs of the regional space actors. This paper will analyse the example presented by the Americas as a microcosm of wider global perspectives on space security and the implications of the diverse interests being taken into account when building norms of behaviour. Specifically, it will examine developing space capabilities in the Americas, the recent activities of these states in multilateral forums related to the development of international frameworks for space activities, and the possible role of actors in the region in the development of future norms."--Introduction.

Report on American Regional Seminar and Outreach Initiatives for Facilitation of the Development of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities

Report on American Regional Seminar and Outreach Initiatives for Facilitation of the Development of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities
Author: Facilitating the Process for the Development of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities (Project)
Publisher:
Total Pages: 6
Release: 2013
Genre: Space law
ISBN:
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"The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) held a regional seminar as part of its project "Facilitating the process for the development of an international code of conduct for outer space activities", funded by the European Union (EU). This seminar, entitled "Space equities: the role of the Americas in building norms of behaviour", examined the impact of space activities on the development throughout the region. In particular, it focused on growing vulnerabilities to space security threats and options for addressing these threats through the development of norms of behaviour. The seminar sought to give participants an opportunity to engage with one another and examine the potential role that states across the Americas--particularly emerging space actors in Latin America and the Caribbean--could play at the national, regional, and multilateral level in the development of norms."--Introduction.

Risk Management in Outer Space Activities

Risk Management in Outer Space Activities
Author: Maria A. Pozza
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 248
Release: 2022-02-09
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9811647569
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Risk Management in Outer Space Activities assesses selected risks associated with space activities, from an Australian and New Zealand perspective. The book explores the rise of commercial space activities and considers the development of Australia and New Zealand’s regulatory frameworks, and how they are equipped to address new and emerging risks in the space sector. The book examines the juxtaposition of international space law against the domestic legal regimes of Australia and New Zealand, and how these regulatory frameworks are designed to create governance mechanisms to control space risk. Both national jurisdictions approach space risk from the perspective of liability and international legal obligations, but as a result of their different historical space trajectories, their risk approaches differ. This is illustrated by research that suggests that from an Australian point of view, much of its space industry development has been influenced by Cold War era military and national security concerns. On the other hand, the New Zealand perspective is grounded on the rapid market-led commercial development that is currently underway in the country. The book examines a variety of risks that can and do emerge in the course of undertaking space activities. It does this by presenting a series of space risk case studies. There are chapters devoted to examining commercial space risks, space insurance, the risks posed by space debris, cybersecurity and space assets, light pollution as a risk for astronomy and the risks inherent in landing objects on the Moon. The work contained in this book is intended to provide a clear, practical and informed approach to understanding risk management in outer space activities. It will appeal to policy makers, risk professionals, space lawyers, national space agencies as well as academics, researchers and students

On the Horizon

On the Horizon
Author: Reja Younis
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Total Pages: 210
Release: 2021-08-15
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1538140306
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The Nuclear Scholars Initiative is a signature program run by the Project on Nuclear Issues (PONI) at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)—to engage emerging nuclear experts in thoughtful and informed debate over how to best address the nuclear community’s most pressing problems. The papers included in this volume comprise research from participants in the 2020 Nuclear Scholars Initiative. These papers explore a variety of topics such as the future of arms-control treaties, the role of artificial intelligence and cyber resilience in nuclear security, and the role of regional dynamics in nuclear security.

Norms of Behaviour, Barriers to Entry?

Norms of Behaviour, Barriers to Entry?
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 4
Release: 2014
Genre: Outer space
ISBN:
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"During the early stages of space exploration, the world watched as two superpowers pushed the limits of what was considered to be within the realm of human achievement. Satellites and spacecraft circled the Earth from far beyond the atmosphere, providing us with a new perspective of life on the surface. This has changed the way we approach social, economic, and security challenges, and given us new tools to do so. Today, more than 60 states of varying degrees of technological, economic and political development are conducting space activities at some level, and all indications suggest that this number will only continue to grow. Some of the side effects and consequences of so much space activity is the emergence of certain challenges to the relative stability currently enjoyed in outer space. This includes threats such as collisions between spacecraft, the proliferation of space debris and the risk of the spread of armed conflict into outer space. These phenomena are regarded as critical threats because of their potential to destabilize the space environment. Policymakers, having agreed that security in space should be strengthened in order to preserve the long-term utility of space, have begun to look for solutions to respond to these threats through strengthening multilateral agreements. One option is the development of norms of behaviour for space activities, particularly norms of a voluntary, non-legally binding nature. Norms of behaviour are 'rules of the road' that set parameters on what is considered by the international community to be responsible behaviour. This option has received considerable attention in multilateral fora because the voluntary nature provides much needed political flexibility for the building of consensus, which is not possible with a legally binding instrument, as has been seen in recent attempts to negotiate a treaty banning the placement or use of weapons in outer space. A number of multilateral initiatives are presently underway that seek to establish just such a voluntary framework. However, the manner in which such norms are implemented can have a wide range of economic, political, and technical impacts on the accessibility of outer space, not all of which will be felt uniformly by space actors. The adoption of any regulatory framework will also likely have unforeseen consequences that could create barriers to entry for new space entrants. Developing countries, in particular, will have limited technical and financial resources with which to meet new standards of conduct. This could prove to be a significant source of concern for emerging space actors. This paper examines the different approaches to norms of behaviour and their potential impacts on the space activities of different players, especially those in the developing countries. It also assesses the approaches being adopted by current multilateral initiatives to balance the need for new norms against the needs of developing countries and emerging space actors."--Page [1]