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| Author | : Valeria De Bonis |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 50 |
| Release | : 1997 |
| Genre | : Commercial products |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Valeria De Bonis |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 64 |
| Release | : 1997 |
| Genre | : Eficacia |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : De Valeria Bonis |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 1999 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
November 1997 Even if concerted agreements might help reduce inefficiencies resulting from regional differences in income tax, making regional taxes uniform may not be the best solution to the problem-but imposing a minimum tax rate could be. De Bonis analyzes (both theoretically and empirically) the international distortions and fiscal interdependence that arise because of different tax rates among a region's countries. She also studies what happens when the countries try to harmonize taxes, focusing on how the countries' size influences results, how strategic behavior changes under different international tax rules, and what happens to relationships with countries excluded from the integration process. Among her findings: * In the case of highly mobile factors, such as financial capital, competition involves the risk of tax rates and revenues being brought down to extremely low levels, so some form of concerted agreement seems necessary, although cooperation need not involve tax rate uniformity. But regional agreements might be ineffective when factors can move to the rest of the world. * In the case of less mobile factors, such as physical capital, competition would not yield the outcome of extremely low tax rates. Then the need for concerted international intervention is weaker. But international coordination in the form of imposing a minimum tax rate might be beneficial in some cases. * As for taxing foreign direct investment in developing countries, in the context of regional North-South integration agreements, it is possible that differences in the countries' objective functions eliminate the incentive for strategic reactions. In the context of South-South agreements, incentives for the integrating, capital-importing countries to compete with each other are determined by the kind of tax system chosen in the capital-exporting rest of the world. In the case of exemption, competition would drive capital income tax rates down. In the case of a credit system, competition would take place only in tariffs (or other trade taxes). What is required then is an agreement not on capital income taxes but on a common external tariff. * In the presence of migration costs or a link between the tax rates on mobile and immobile factors, the absence of coordination does not lead to a zero tax rate on mobile factors. Both countries' welfare can be improved by imposing a minimum tax rate, but not a uniform tax rate. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of background work for the group's program on regionalism and development.
| Author | : Vito Tanzi |
| Publisher | : Brookings Institution Press |
| Total Pages | : 193 |
| Release | : 2000-07-26 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 0815723008 |
Tanzi explores how foreign taxes on repatriated income should be treated; how profits, sales, and ownership of property should be allocated among countries; and to what degree various taxes should be coordinated. As global markets for goods, services and financial assets have become increasingly integrated, national governments no longer have as much control over economic markets. With the completion of the Uruguay Round of the GATT talks, the world economy has entered a fresh phase requiring different rules and different levels of international cooperation. Policies once thought to be entirely domestic and appropriately determined by national political institutions, are now subject to international constraints. Cogent analysis of this deeper integration of the world economy, and guidelines for government policies, are urgent priorities. This series aims to meet these needs over a range of 21 books by some of the world's leading economists, political scientists, foreign policy specialists and government officials. A volume of Brookings' Integrating National Economies Series
| Author | : Bedri Peci |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
One of the measures taken for European economic integration is tax harmonization. Final goal of tax harmonization has been and yet remains the economic efficiency and in particular the promotion of the common market. Tax harmonization in the EU member states is not new. Harmonization of indirect taxes, and in particular the harmonization of turnover tax, was present within the project of European integration since the outset so that a certain minimum of harmonization was created as the VAT Common System. Progress has also been achieved in the harmonisation of excise duty rates and excise structures. While progress has been achieved regarding indirect taxes, the harmonization of direct taxes did not evolved properly and the taxation of income and profits is still being applied in national states, despite many proposals seeking appropriate harmonization. The current European Community Law has no effect on the tax rates on corporate income applicable to European Union member States. In the area of corporate income tax the harmonization of some issues relating to tax treatment of dividend payments between companies and their status changes has been made. All Balkan countries aspire for EU membership by making the transposition of EU rules. These countries have managed to harmonize in a fairly large extent their tax systems with the acquis communautaire. Closer perspectives in these states are the harmonization of customs tax policies. Harmonization of tax legislations with EU requirements would take more time than the initial steps that have been taken for the liberalization of trade. Harmonization of legislation should be accompanied by a genuine reform of public administration in the Balkan countries, as implementation of legislation is much more complex task than its drafting. Kosovo as well as other Balkan countries constantly has reformed its system by reducing tax rates, redefined the tax base and making amendments and clarification of the interpretation of existing laws. Even though Kosovo has a simple legislation much more should be done in order to address the legal gaps, tax harmonization with the EU and the regulation of international tax relations. Administrative capacity to implement European standards and the law in the field of free movement of goods is still inadequate. Considerable efforts should be made further in this regard.
| Author | : Jacob A. Frenkel |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2008-07 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9780262512145 |
The ongoing process of increased integration of national economies, culminating in the single European market of 1992, still leaves as virtually separate the national fiscal systems. In this book international economists Jacob Frenkel and Assaf Razin join forces with public finance economist Efraim-Sadka to provide a new treatment of international taxation, one that focuses on the interactions between fiscal policies of sovereign nations and the magnitude and directions of international capital and goods flow in an integrated world economy. They unfold a lucid and clear analysis of the implications of tax competition, tax harmonization, capital flight, external imbalances, and the terms of trade for the design of efficient national tax systems. The book extends concepts developed in Frenkel and Razin's Fiscal Policies and the World Economy and includes a theory of taxation in an open world economy.International Taxation in an Integrated World presents the stylized facts and concepts and outlines the main issues of international taxation and the implications for the international movements of goods and capital. It reviews the principles of international taxation and international macroeconomics, analyzes the international transmission of various tax and budget policies, and provides a rigorous analysis of optimal open economy tax policy in an integrated world economy. Special emphasis is placed on the interdependence between direct and indirect taxes and on the international allocation of saving, investment, and production.Jacob A. Frenkel is Director of Research and Economic Counselor at the International Monetary Fund. Assaf Razin is Daniel Ross Professor of International Economics at Tel Aviv University. Both are Research Associates at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Efraim Sadka is Professor of Economics at Tel Aviv University.
| Author | : Mario Mansour |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 41 |
| Release | : 2013-07-09 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484338774 |
We review the current state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union’s tax coordination framework, against the main objectives of the WAEMU Treaty of 1994: reduce distortions to intra-community trade, and mobilize domestic tax revenue. The process of tax coordination in WAEMU is one of the most advanced in the world—de jure at least—, but remains in many areas ineffective de facto. Nevertheless, the framework has, to some extent, succeeded in converging tax systems, particularly statutory tax rates, and may have contributed to improving revenue mobilisation. Important lessons can be drawn from the WAEMU experience, particularly in terms of whether coordination should take the form of harmonization through a top-down approach, or a softer approach of sharing best practice and limiting certain types of tax competition.
| Author | : Richard Baldwin |
| Publisher | : Princeton University Press |
| Total Pages | : 500 |
| Release | : 2011-10-16 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1400841232 |
Research on the spatial aspects of economic activity has flourished over the past decade due to the emergence of new theory, new data, and an intense interest on the part of policymakers, especially in Europe but increasingly in North America and elsewhere as well. However, these efforts--collectively known as the "new economic geography"--have devoted little attention to the policy implications of the new theory. Economic Geography and Public Policy fills the gap by illustrating many new policy insights economic geography models can offer to the realm of theoretical policy analysis. Focusing primarily on trade policy, tax policy, and regional policy, Richard Baldwin and coauthors show how these models can be used to make sense of real-world situations. The book not only provides much fresh analysis but also synthesizes insights from the existing literature. The authors begin by presenting and analyzing the widest range of new economic geography models to date. From there they proceed to examine previously unaddressed welfare and policy issues including, in separate sections, trade policy (unilateral, reciprocal, and preferential), tax policy (agglomeration with taxes and public goods, tax competition and agglomeration), and regional policy (infrastructure policies and the political economy of regional subsidies). A well-organized, engaging narrative that progresses smoothly from fundamentals to more complex material, Economic Geography and Public Policy is essential reading for graduate students, researchers, and policymakers seeking new approaches to spatial policy issues.
| Author | : Lawrence B. Krause |
| Publisher | : Washington : Brookings Institution |
| Total Pages | : 288 |
| Release | : 1968 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : |
Study of the impact of European economic integration on the economy of the USA - covers economic policies and experience of the EC and EFTA, and the effects thereof on trade patterns in consumer goods and agricultural products, economic relations with the associated overseas countries, and implications of the kennedy round tariff reductions. Selected bibliography, references and statistical tables.
| Author | : Bouet, Antoine |
| Publisher | : Intl Food Policy Res Inst |
| Total Pages | : 56 |
| Release | : 2018-12-21 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : |
Informal cross-border trade (ICBT) represents a prominent phenomenon in Africa. Several studies suggest that for certain products and countries, the value of informal trade may meet or even exceed the value of formal trade. This paper provides a review of existing efforts to measure informal trade. We list 18 initiatives aimed at measuring ICBT in Africa. The paper also summarizes discussions conducted with many stakeholders in Africa between December 2016 and May 2018 regarding the measurement, the determinants, and the implications of ICBT. The methodologies used to measure ICBT in Africa differ widely, but they do confirm that informal trade in Africa is both sizeable and volatile. Both evidence on the determinants of ICBT and discussions with stakeholders suggest that policies should aim to reduce the existing costs associated with formal trade and provide positive incentives for traders and producers to move into the formal economy in order to avoid the loss of economic potential stemming from informal trade.
