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Quadratic Hedging Schemes for Non-Gaussian GARCH Models

Quadratic Hedging Schemes for Non-Gaussian GARCH Models
Author: Alex Badescu
Publisher:
Total Pages: 26
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

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We propose different schemes for option hedging when asset returns are modeled using a general class of GARCH models. More specifically, we implement local risk minimization and a minimum variance hedge approximation based on an extended Girsanov principle that generalizes Duan's (1995) delta hedge. Since the minimal martingale measure fails to produce a probability measure in this setting, we construct local risk minimization hedging strategies with respect to a pricing kernel. These approaches are investigated in the context of non-Gaussian driven models. Furthermore, we analyze these methods for non-Gaussian GARCH diffusion limit processes and link them to the corresponding discrete time counterparts. A detailed numerical analysis based on S&P 500 European Call options is provided to assess the empirical performance of the proposed schemes. We also test the sensitivity of the hedging strategies with respect to the risk neutral measure used by recomputing some of our results with an exponential affine pricing kernel.


A Time Series Approach to Option Pricing

A Time Series Approach to Option Pricing
Author: Christophe Chorro
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 202
Release: 2014-12-04
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3662450372

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The current world financial scene indicates at an intertwined and interdependent relationship between financial market activity and economic health. This book explains how the economic messages delivered by the dynamic evolution of financial asset returns are strongly related to option prices. The Black Scholes framework is introduced and by underlining its shortcomings, an alternative approach is presented that has emerged over the past ten years of academic research, an approach that is much more grounded on a realistic statistical analysis of data rather than on ad hoc tractable continuous time option pricing models. The reader then learns what it takes to understand and implement these option pricing models based on time series analysis in a self-contained way. The discussion covers modeling choices available to the quantitative analyst, as well as the tools to decide upon a particular model based on the historical datasets of financial returns. The reader is then guided into numerical deduction of option prices from these models and illustrations with real examples are used to reflect the accuracy of the approach using datasets of options on equity indices.


American-Type Options

American-Type Options
Author: Dmitrii S. Silvestrov
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Total Pages: 672
Release: 2015-03-03
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 3110389908

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The book gives a systematical presentation of stochastic approximation methods for discrete time Markov price processes. Advanced methods combining backward recurrence algorithms for computing of option rewards and general results on convergence of stochastic space skeleton and tree approximations for option rewards are applied to a variety of models of multivariate modulated Markov price processes. The principal novelty of presented results is based on consideration of multivariate modulated Markov price processes and general pay-off functions, which can depend not only on price but also an additional stochastic modulating index component, and use of minimal conditions of smoothness for transition probabilities and pay-off functions, compactness conditions for log-price processes and rate of growth conditions for pay-off functions. The volume presents results on structural studies of optimal stopping domains, Monte Carlo based approximation reward algorithms, and convergence of American-type options for autoregressive and continuous time models, as well as results of the corresponding experimental studies.


Assessing the Effectiveness of Local and Global Quadratic Hedging Under GARCH Models

Assessing the Effectiveness of Local and Global Quadratic Hedging Under GARCH Models
Author: Maciej Augustyniak
Publisher:
Total Pages: 34
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:

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Local and global quadratic hedging are alternatives to delta hedging that more appropriately address the hedging problem in incomplete markets. The objective of this article is to investigate and contrast the effectiveness of these strategies under GARCH models, both experimentally and empirically. Our analysis centers on three important practical issues: (i) the value added of global over local quadratic hedging, (ii) the importance of the choice of measure (real-world or risk-neutral) when implementing quadratic hedging, and (iii) the robustness of quadratic hedging to model mis-specification. We find that a global approach to quadratic hedging significantly reduces the risk of hedging derivatives with long-term maturities (one year or more), provided that it is implemented under the real-world probability measure. Global quadratic hedging should therefore be advocated when hedging LEAPS and other long-term derivatives such as market-linked certificates of deposit.


Hedging with Credibility When Assets Can Jump

Hedging with Credibility When Assets Can Jump
Author: Abdou Kélani
Publisher:
Total Pages: 12
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

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Hedging options in non-Gaussian models is a well-known and difficult task, yet remaining important for risk practitioners from banks to insurance companies. Hence, solutions through the quadratic hedging methods have been recently suggested, see Cont and Tankov (2004), Riesner (2006) and Vandaele and Vanmaele (2008). Although their suggested ratios to invest in the underlying asset for an optimal replication are different from each to other, they, however, share a common structure which makes their implementation non obvious. This structure originates in the integral part of the partial integro-differential equation and stems from the expectation of option prices taken over the random jump sizes. Although non-straightforward numerical integrations can be used to implement this quantity, they have to be modified and adapted to suit the choice of the random jump size distributions, resulting in a cumbersome task. Hence, implementation efficiency has still to be addressed. Using a locally risk-minimizing hedging strategy together with an elegant result of Hille and Phillips (1957), this paper shows how to efficiently compute the expectation of the option prices taken over the random jump sizes of any Lévy processes, be they of the finite or of the infinite activity. Hence, all the optimal ratios suggested by the aforementioned authors can be evaluated by adding a minor factor to a fast Fourier transform pricing formula and thereby gaining its computation efficiency.


Dynamic Hedging of Financial Instruments When the Underlying Follows a Non-Gaussian Process

Dynamic Hedging of Financial Instruments When the Underlying Follows a Non-Gaussian Process
Author: Álvaro Cartea
Publisher:
Total Pages: 47
Release: 2006
Genre:
ISBN:

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Traditional dynamic hedging strategies are based on local information (ie Delta and Gamma) of the financial instruments to be hedged. We propose a new dynamic hedging strategy that employs non-local information and compare the profit and loss (Pamp;L) resulting from hedging vanilla options when the classical approach of Delta- and Gamma-neutrality is employed, to the results delivered by what we label Delta- and Fractional-Gamma-hedging. For specific cases, such as the FMLS of Carr and Wu (2003a) and Merton's Jump-Diffusion model, the volatility of the Pamp;L is considerably lower (in some cases only 25%) than that resulting from Delta- and Gamma-neutrality.


A Closed-Form Solution for the Global Quadratic Hedging of Options Under Geometric Gaussian Random Walks

A Closed-Form Solution for the Global Quadratic Hedging of Options Under Geometric Gaussian Random Walks
Author: Frédéric Godin
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:

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A closed-form solution is obtained for the discrete-time global quadratic hedging problem of Schweizer (1995) applied to vanilla European options under the geometric Gaussian random walk model for the underlying asset. The computation of coefficients embedded in the closed-form expression can be computed either directly or through a recursive algorithm.


Financial Modeling Under Non-Gaussian Distributions

Financial Modeling Under Non-Gaussian Distributions
Author: Eric Jondeau
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 541
Release: 2007-04-05
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 1846286964

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This book examines non-Gaussian distributions. It addresses the causes and consequences of non-normality and time dependency in both asset returns and option prices. The book is written for non-mathematicians who want to model financial market prices so the emphasis throughout is on practice. There are abundant empirical illustrations of the models and techniques described, many of which could be equally applied to other financial time series.


Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering

Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering
Author: Paul Glasserman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 603
Release: 2013-03-09
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 0387216170

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From the reviews: "Paul Glasserman has written an astonishingly good book that bridges financial engineering and the Monte Carlo method. The book will appeal to graduate students, researchers, and most of all, practicing financial engineers [...] So often, financial engineering texts are very theoretical. This book is not." --Glyn Holton, Contingency Analysis


Optimization-Based Models for Measuring and Hedging Risk in Fixed Income Markets

Optimization-Based Models for Measuring and Hedging Risk in Fixed Income Markets
Author: Johan Hagenbjörk
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Total Pages: 129
Release: 2019-12-09
Genre:
ISBN: 917929927X

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The global fixed income market is an enormous financial market whose value by far exceeds that of the public stock markets. The interbank market consists of interest rate derivatives, whose primary purpose is to manage interest rate risk. The credit market primarily consists of the bond market, which links investors to companies, institutions, and governments with borrowing needs. This dissertation takes an optimization perspective upon modeling both these areas of the fixed-income market. Legislators on the national markets require financial actors to value their financial assets in accordance with market prices. Thus, prices of many assets, which are not publicly traded, must be determined mathematically. The financial quantities needed for pricing are not directly observable but must be measured through solving inverse optimization problems. These measurements are based on the available market prices, which are observed with various degrees of measurement noise. For the interbank market, the relevant financial quantities consist of term structures of interest rates, which are curves displaying the market rates for different maturities. For the bond market, credit risk is an additional factor that can be modeled through default intensity curves and term structures of recovery rates in case of default. By formulating suitable optimization models, the different underlying financial quantities can be measured in accordance with observable market prices, while conditions for economic realism are imposed. Measuring and managing risk is closely connected to the measurement of the underlying financial quantities. Through a data-driven method, we can show that six systematic risk factors can be used to explain almost all variance in the interest rate curves. By modeling the dynamics of these six risk factors, possible outcomes can be simulated in the form of term structure scenarios. For short-term simulation horizons, this results in a representation of the portfolio value distribution that is consistent with the realized outcomes from historically observed term structures. This enables more accurate measurements of interest rate risk, where our proposed method exhibits both lower risk and lower pricing errors compared to traditional models. We propose a method for decomposing changes in portfolio values for an arbitrary portfolio into the risk factors that affect the value of each instrument. By demonstrating the method for the six systematic risk factors identified for the interbank market, we show that almost all changes in portfolio value and portfolio variance can be attributed to these risk factors. Additional risk factors and approximation errors are gathered into two terms, which can be studied to ensure the quality of the performance attribution, and possibly improve it. To eliminate undesired risk within trading books, banks use hedging. Traditional methods do not take transaction costs into account. We, therefore, propose a method for managing the risks in the interbank market through a stochastic optimization model that considers transaction costs. This method is based on a scenario approximation of the optimization problem where the six systematic risk factors are simulated, and the portfolio variance is weighted against the transaction costs. This results in a method that is preferred over the traditional methods for all risk-averse investors. For the credit market, we use data from the bond market in combination with the interbank market to make accurate measurements of the financial quantities. We address the notoriously difficult problem of separating default risk from recovery risk. In addition to the previous identified six systematic risk factors for risk-free interests, we identify four risk factors that explain almost all variance in default intensities, while a single risk factor seems sufficient to model the recovery risk. Overall, this is a higher number of risk factors than is usually found in the literature. Through a simple model, we can measure the variance in bond prices in terms of these systematic risk factors, and through performance attribution, we relate these values to the empirically realized variances from the quoted bond prices. De globala ränte- och kreditmarknaderna är enorma finansiella marknader vars sammanlagda värden vida överstiger de publika aktiemarknadernas. Räntemarknaden består av räntederivat vars främsta användningsområde är hantering av ränterisker. Kreditmarknaden utgörs i första hand av obligationsmarknaden som syftar till att förmedla pengar från investerare till företag, institutioner och stater med upplåningsbehov. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att utifrån ett optimeringsperspektiv modellera både ränte- och obligationsmarknaden. Lagstiftarna på de nationella marknaderna kräver att de finansiella aktörerna värderar sina finansiella tillgångar i enlighet med marknadspriser. Därmed måste priserna på många instrument, som inte handlas publikt, beräknas matematiskt. De finansiella storheter som krävs för denna prissättning är inte direkt observerbara, utan måste mätas genom att lösa inversa optimeringsproblem. Dessa mätningar görs utifrån tillgängliga marknadspriser, som observeras med varierande grad av mätbrus. För räntemarknaden utgörs de relevanta finansiella storheterna av räntekurvor som åskådliggör marknadsräntorna för olika löptider. För obligationsmarknaden utgör kreditrisken en ytterligare faktor som modelleras via fallissemangsintensitetskurvor och kurvor kopplade till förväntat återvunnet kapital vid eventuellt fallissemang. Genom att formulera lämpliga optimeringsmodeller kan de olika underliggande finansiella storheterna mätas i enlighet med observerbara marknadspriser samtidigt som ekonomisk realism eftersträvas. Mätning och hantering av risker är nära kopplat till mätningen av de underliggande finansiella storheterna. Genom en datadriven metod kan vi visa att sex systematiska riskfaktorer kan användas för att förklara nästan all varians i räntekurvorna. Genom att modellera dynamiken i dessa sex riskfaktorer kan tänkbara utfall för räntekurvor simuleras. För kortsiktiga simuleringshorisonter resulterar detta i en representation av fördelningen av portföljvärden som väl överensstämmer med de realiserade utfallen från historiskt observerade räntekurvor. Detta möjliggör noggrannare mätningar av ränterisk där vår föreslagna metod uppvisar såväl lägre risk som mindre prissättningsfel jämfört med traditionella modeller. Vi föreslår en metod för att dekomponera portföljutvecklingen för en godtycklig portfölj till de riskfaktorer som påverkar värdet för respektive instrument. Genom att demonstrera metoden för de sex systematiska riskfaktorerna som identifierats för räntemarknaden visar vi att nästan all portföljutveckling och portföljvarians kan härledas till dessa riskfaktorer. Övriga riskfaktorer och approximationsfel samlas i två termer, vilka kan användas för att säkerställa och eventuellt förbättra kvaliteten i prestationshärledningen. För att eliminera oönskad risk i sina tradingböcker använder banker sig av hedging. Traditionella metoder tar ingen hänsyn till transaktionskostnader. Vi föreslår därför en metod för att hantera riskerna på räntemarknaden genom en stokastisk optimeringsmodell som också tar hänsyn till transaktionskostnader. Denna metod bygger på en scenarioapproximation av optimeringsproblemet där de sex systematiska riskfaktorerna simuleras och portföljvariansen vägs mot transaktionskostnaderna. Detta resulterar i en metod som, för alla riskaverta investerare, är att föredra framför de traditionella metoderna. På kreditmarknaden använder vi data från obligationsmarknaden i kombination räntemarknaden för att göra noggranna mätningar av de finansiella storheterna. Vi angriper det erkänt svåra problemet att separera fallissemangsrisk från återvinningsrisk. Förutom de tidigare sex systematiska riskfaktorerna för riskfri ränta, identifierar vi fyra riskfaktorer som förklarar nästan all varians i fallissemangsintensiteter, medan en enda riskfaktor tycks räcka för att modellera återvinningsrisken. Sammanlagt är detta ett större antal riskfaktorer än vad som brukar användas i litteraturen. Via en enkel modell kan vi mäta variansen i obligationspriser i termer av dessa systematiska riskfaktorer och genom prestationshärledningen relatera dessa värden till de empiriskt realiserade varianserna från kvoterade obligationspriser.