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| Author | : Jaime De Melo |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 47 |
| Release | : 1990 |
| Genre | : Exports |
| ISBN | : |
A model for export- led growth that captures structural change, growth in productivity, and growth in the share of trade.
| Author | : R. J. Colwell |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 1998 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Concepts in banking output and the empirical literature on bank productivity--which employs output concepts--are critically surveyed. Related issues concerning externalities from banking activity, which entail a deviation of private from social measures of banking output, are outlined. For output, the national accounts, production and intermediation approaches are compared. As regards productivity, both partial and total factor productivity measures and the DEA and parametric approaches to the latter are assessed. The externalities from banking are shown to include contributions to economic development, external economies of scale between institutions, and contagious effects of failures. Among the most striking results is the prevalence of technical inefficiency in banking. In addition, externality issues are rarely considered in combination nor assessed empirically. But more generally, it is also suggested that measurement techniques have often outpaced the theory of what is to be measured, notably in fields such as joint production, risk and competition. Alternative approaches to address these issues are suggested.
| Author | : Jaime de Melo |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 84 |
| Release | : 1991 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Roy Cordato |
| Publisher | : Ludwig von Mises Institute |
| Total Pages | : 164 |
| Release | : 2007 |
| Genre | : Austrian school of economics |
| ISBN | : 1610164636 |
"The problem of externalities and efficiency is cited relentlessly in mainstream literature as the great rationale for government intervention. The Austrian School, however, rooted in an understanding of the competitive process, takes another approach: viewing these supposed problems as having market-based solutions. In Efficiency and Externalities in an Open-Ended Universe, author Roy Cordato elucidates the Austrian view and expands it. He relies strongly on the work of Murray Rothbard and Israel Kirzner to address the modern arguments, showing that there is no standard by which we can judge efficiency apart from the market standard, and no way to adjudicate property rights apart from exchange relationships. This is an important contribution to Austrian literature, the most thorough and extensive study on a topic that is generally treated as a blank check for government to run roughshod over market institutions. No serious student of the market process can afford not to absorb the analytics and lessons of this book." -- from Mises Institute website
| Author | : Alison L. Booth |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 36 |
| Release | : 1996 |
| Genre | : Economics |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Ronald Wendner |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This paper investigates the effects of ("keeping up with the Joneses" and "learning-by-investing") externalities, when labor productivity decreases with age. Within the framework of a continuous time overlapping generations model, the effects of the consumption externality on the propensity to consume, capital level and individual consumption growth rates are ambiguous and depend on the presence (absence) and sign of the "generation replacement effect" (GRE). The sign of the GRE is determined by the rate at which labor productivity declines. Both externalities generate distortions - even with exogenous labor supply. Depending on the sign of the GRE, in case of a production externality, the consumption externality may raise efficiency by introducing an additional distortion. For a specific rate of labor productivity decline the GRE vanishes. In this case, externalities display the same effects in both a representative agent and the overlapping generations model.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 117 |
| Release | : 2012-12-28 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309265835 |
The U.S. food system provides many benefits, not the least of which is a safe, nutritious and consistent food supply. However, the same system also creates significant environmental, public health, and other costs that generally are not recognized and not accounted for in the retail price of food. These include greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil erosion, air pollution, and their environmental consequences, the transfer of antibiotic resistance from food animals to human, and other human health outcomes, including foodborne illnesses and chronic disease. Some external costs which are also known as externalities are accounted for in ways that do not involve increasing the price of food. But many are not. They are borne involuntarily by society at large. A better understanding of external costs would help decision makers at all stages of the life cycle to expand the benefits of the U.S. food system even further. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Research Council (NRC) with support from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a public workshop on April 23-23, 2012, to explore the external costs of food, methodologies for quantifying those costs, and the limitations of the methodologies. The workshop was intended to be an information-gathering activity only. Given the complexity of the issues and the broad areas of expertise involved, workshop presentations and discussions represent only a small portion of the current knowledge and are by no means comprehensive. The focus was on the environmental and health impacts of food, using externalities as a basis for discussion and animal products as a case study. The intention was not to quantify costs or benefits, but rather to lay the groundwork for doing so. A major goal of the workshop was to identify information sources and methodologies required to recognize and estimate the costs and benefits of environmental and public health consequences associated with the U.S. food system. It was anticipated that the workshop would provide the basis for a follow-up consensus study of the subject and that a central task of the consensus study will be to develop a framework for a full-scale accounting of the environmental and public health effects for all food products of the U.S. food system. Exploring Health and Environmental Costs of Food: Workshop Summary provides the basis for a follow-up planning discussion involving members of the IOM Food and Nutrition Board and the NRC Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources and others to develop the scope and areas of expertise needed for a larger-scale, consensus study of the subject.
| Author | : Cristiano Antonelli |
| Publisher | : Edward Elgar Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 233 |
| Release | : 2011-01-01 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9780857930828 |
This book elaborates a new path dependent and localized growth theory based upon knowledge externalities by making two important contributions. Firstly, it elaborates the hypothesis that total factor productivity growth stems from pecuniary knowledge externalities that consist in the access to localized external knowledge, at costs that are below equilibrium levels. Secondly, it implements the economic analysis of complex dynamic systems with a novel approach to understanding the role of knowledge interactions and knowledge governance mechanisms in the generation of new technological knowledge within economic systems characterized by webs of interdependence.
| Author | : Susana Iranzo |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 49 |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The recent literature on local schooling externalities in the U.S. is rather mixed: positive external effects of average education levels are hardly to be found but, in contrast, positive externalities from the share of college graduates can often be identified. This paper proposes a simple model to reconcile this mixed evidence. The key idea is that advanced technologies are complementary to highly educated workers, as opposed to traditional technologies which are complementary to less educated workers. Our calibrated model predicts that workers with high school education or less are employed in the traditional sector, while more educated workers are employed in the advanced sector. As the advanced sector is associated with the production of differentiated goods and services this generates a positive pecuniary externality (positive TFP effect) of college educated workers. By contrast, as no externalities are associated with the traditional technology, high school education only increases private returns. The model predictions are tested using data on U.S. states. We use compulsory attendance and child labor laws, push-driven immigration of highly educated workers and the location of Land Grant colleges as instruments for schooling attainments of workers in different states. The empirical estimates confirm that an increase in college education, but not an increase in high school education, had significant positive production externalities in U.S. states during the period 1960-2000.
| Author | : Susana Iranzo |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 45 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Educational attainment |
| ISBN | : |
The recent literature on externalities of schooling in the U.S. is rather mixed: positive external effects of average education are hardly found at all, while often positive externalities from the share of college graduates are identified. This paper proposes a simple model to explain this fact and tests it using U.S. states data. The key idea is that advanced technologies, associated with high total factor productivity and high returns to skills, are complementary to highly educated workers, as opposed to traditional technologies, complementary to less educated. Our calibrated model predicts that workers with twelve years of schooling (high school graduates) are indifferent between traditional and advanced technologies, while more educated workers adopt the advanced technologies and benefit from the larger private and social returns associated to them. Only shifts in education above high school graduation are therefore associated with positive social returns stemming from more efficient technologies. The empirical analysis, using compulsory attendance laws, immigration of highly educated workers and the location of land-grant colleges as instruments confirm that an increase in the share of college graduates, but not an increase in the share of high school graduates, had large positive production externalities in U.S. States.
