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| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2015 |
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| Author | : Alper Erturk |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 377 |
| Release | : 2011-04-04 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1119991358 |
The transformation of vibrations into electric energy through the use of piezoelectric devices is an exciting and rapidly developing area of research with a widening range of applications constantly materialising. With Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, world-leading researchers provide a timely and comprehensive coverage of the electromechanical modelling and applications of piezoelectric energy harvesters. They present principal modelling approaches, synthesizing fundamental material related to mechanical, aerospace, civil, electrical and materials engineering disciplines for vibration-based energy harvesting using piezoelectric transduction. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting provides the first comprehensive treatment of distributed-parameter electromechanical modelling for piezoelectric energy harvesting with extensive case studies including experimental validations, and is the first book to address modelling of various forms of excitation in piezoelectric energy harvesting, ranging from airflow excitation to moving loads, thus ensuring its relevance to engineers in fields as disparate as aerospace engineering and civil engineering. Coverage includes: Analytical and approximate analytical distributed-parameter electromechanical models with illustrative theoretical case studies as well as extensive experimental validations Several problems of piezoelectric energy harvesting ranging from simple harmonic excitation to random vibrations Details of introducing and modelling piezoelectric coupling for various problems Modelling and exploiting nonlinear dynamics for performance enhancement, supported with experimental verifications Applications ranging from moving load excitation of slender bridges to airflow excitation of aeroelastic sections A review of standard nonlinear energy harvesting circuits with modelling aspects.
| Author | : María Teresa Penella-López |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 155 |
| Release | : 2011-05-18 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9400715730 |
Autonomous sensors transmit data and power their electronics without using cables. They can be found in e.g. wireless sensor networks (WSNs) or remote acquisition systems. Although primary batteries provide a simple design for powering autonomous sensors, they present several limitations such as limited capacity and power density, and difficulty in predicting their condition and state of charge. An alternative is to extract energy from the ambient (energy harvesting). However, the reduced dimensions of most autonomous sensors lead to a low level of available power from the energy transducer. Thus, efficient methods and circuits to manage and gather the energy are a must. An integral approach for powering autonomous sensors by considering both primary batteries and energy harvesters is presented. Two rather different forms of energy harvesting are also dealt with: optical (or solar) and radiofrequency (RF). Optical energy provides high energy density, especially outdoors, whereas RF remote powering is possibly the most feasible option for autonomous sensors embedded into the soil or within structures. Throughout different chapters, devices such as primary and secondary batteries, supercapacitors, and energy transducers are extensively reviewed. Then, circuits and methods found in the literature used to efficiently extract and gather the energy are presented. Finally, new proposals based on the authors’ own research are analyzed and tested. Every chapter is written to be rather independent, with each incorporating the relevant literature references. Powering Autonomous Sensors is intended for a wide audience working on or interested in the powering of autonomous sensors. Researchers and engineers can find a broad introduction to basic topics in this interesting and emerging area as well as further insights on the topics of solar and RF harvesting and of circuits and methods to maximize the power extracted from energy transducers.
| Author | : Yen Kheng Tan |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 254 |
| Release | : 2017-12-19 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1439894353 |
Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation provides a wide range of coverage of various energy harvesting techniques to enable the development of a truly self-autonomous and sustainable energy harvesting wireless sensor network (EH-WSN). It supplies a practical overview of the entire EH-WSN system from energy source all the way to energy usage by wireless sensor nodes/network. After an in-depth review of existing energy harvesting research thus far, the book focuses on: Outlines two wind energy harvesting (WEH) approaches, one using a wind turbine generator and one a piezoelectric wind energy harvester Covers thermal energy harvesting (TEH) from ambient heat sources with low temperature differences Presents two types of piezoelectric-based vibration energy harvesting systems to harvest impact or impulse forces from a human pressing a button or switch action Examines hybrid energy harvesting approaches that augment the reliability of the wireless sensor node’s operation Discusses a hybrid wind and solar energy harvesting scheme to simultaneously use both energy sources and therefore extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor node Explores a hybrid of indoor ambient light and TEH scheme that uses only one power management circuit to condition the combined output power harvested from both energy sources Although the author focuses on small-scale energy harvesting, the systems discussed can be upsized to large-scale renewable energy harvesting systems. The book goes beyond theory to explore practical applications that not only solve real-life energy issues but pave the way for future work in this area.
| Author | : Lindsay Margaret Miller |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 314 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have the potential to transform engineering infrastructure, manufacturing, and building controls by allowing condition monitoring, asset tracking, demand response, and other intelligent feedback systems. A wireless sensor node consists of a power supply, sensor(s), power conditioning circuitry, radio transmitter and/or receiver, and a micro controller. Such sensor nodes are used for collecting and communicating data regarding the state of a machine, system, or process. The increasing demand for better ways to power wireless devices and increase operation time on a single battery charge drives an interest in energy harvesting research. Today, wireless sensor nodes are typically powered by a standard single-charge battery, which becomes depleted within a relatively short timeframe depending on the application. This introduces tremendous labor costs associated with battery replacement, especially when there are thousands of nodes in a network, the nodes are remotely located, or widely-distributed. Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting presents a potential solution to the problems associated with too-short battery life and high maintenance requirements, especially in industrial environments where vibrations are ubiquitous. Energy harvester designs typically use the harvester to trickle charge a rechargeable energy storage device rather than directly powering the electronics with the harvested energy. This allows a buffer between the energy harvester supply and the load where energy can be stored in a "tank". Therefore, the harvester does not need to produce the full required power at every instant to successfully power the node. In general, there are tens of microwatts of power available to be harvested from ambient vibrations using micro scale devices and tens of milliwatts available from ambient vibrations using meso scale devices. Given that the power requirements of wireless sensor nodes range from several microwatts to about one hundred milliwatts and are falling steadily as improvements are made, it is feasible to use energy harvesting to power WSNs. This research begins by presenting the results of a thorough survey of ambient vibrations in the machine room of a large campus building, which found that ambient vibrations are low frequency, low amplitude, time varying, and multi-frequency. The modeling and design of fixed-frequency micro scale energy harvesters are then presented. The model is able to take into account rotational inertia of the harvester's proof mass and it accepts arbitrary measured acceleration input, calculating the energy harvester's voltage as an output. The fabrication of the micro electromechanical system (MEMS) energy harvesters is discussed and results of the devices harvesting energy from ambient vibrations are presented. The harvesters had resonance frequencies ranging from 31 -- 232 Hz, which was the lowest reported in literature for a MEMS device, and produced 24 pW/g2̂ -- 10 nW/g2̂ of harvested power from ambient vibrations. A novel method for frequency modification of the released harvester devices using a dispenser printed mass is then presented, demonstrating a frequency shift of 20 Hz. Optimization of the MEMS energy harvester connected to a resistive load is then presented, finding that the harvested power output can be increased to several microwatts with the optimized design as long as the driving frequency matches the harvester's resonance frequency. A framework is then presented to allow a similar optimization to be conducted with the harvester connected to a synchronously switched pre-bias circuit. With the realization that the optimized energy harvester only produces usable amounts of power if the resonance frequency and driving frequency match, which is an unrealistic situation in the case of ambient vibrations which change over time and are not always known a priori, an adaptable-frequency energy harvester was designed. The adaptable-frequency harvester works by taking advantage of the coupling between a sliding mass and a beam. The derivation of the nonlinear coupled dynamic mathematical model representing the physical system is presented, as are the numerical and experimental results of the prototype device. Passive self-tuning was observed in this system and the mathematical model was found to successfully portray the physical behavior.
| Author | : Stephen Beeby |
| Publisher | : Artech House |
| Total Pages | : 303 |
| Release | : 2014-05-14 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 159693719X |
This unique resource provides a detailed understanding of the options for harvesting energy from localized, renewable sources to supply power to autonomous wireless systems. You are introduced to a variety of types of autonomous system and wireless networks and discover the capabilities of existing battery-based solutions, RF solutions, and fuel cells. The book focuses on the most promising harvesting techniques, including solar, kinetic, and thermal energy. You also learn the implications of the energy harvesting techniques on the design of the power management electronics in a system. This in-depth reference discusses each energy harvesting approach in detail, comparing and contrasting its potential in the field.
| Author | : Brad Whittle |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 108 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Piezoelectric transducers |
| ISBN | : 9780494305171 |
The advent of low-power wireless sensor technology has opened the door for new power harvesting technologies. This thesis explores three different types of piezoelectric power harvesting designs, namely the cantilever beam, cymbal transducer, and a new design referred to as a carriage spring, and compares them rigorously through the use of computer simulation software. The carriage spring design proves to have the benefit of increased mechanical-to-electrical power conversion and easily adjustable resonance frequency. Consequently, such a design is modeled through a Design of Experiments (DOE) statistical regression analysis and is then investigated further by physical experimentation.
| Author | : Son Hoai Nguyen |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2020 |
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| ISBN | : |
The development of low-power integrated circuits for the Internet of Things and wearable devices leads to the attraction of energy harvesting, a process that converts different types of energy into electrical energy to power autonomous wireless sensor systems and electronic circuits. The miniaturization of wearable, implantable, and wireless sensor devices is constrained due to bulkybatteries. Furthermore, battery maintenance cost and replacement time have become big challenges in large sensor networks. Hence, energy harvesting has been developed and improved to overcome battery drawbacks. In this project, an energy harvesting system in the form factor of a necklace was designed to scavenge radio frequency (RF) and vibration energy to power smart health tracking monitors integrated into a necklace pendant. The research contributions include the design of energy harvesting transducers (i.e., RF antennas and vibration piezoelectric thin films) to power management circuits including an RF to DC converter, an AC to DC bias flip rectifier, and a DC to DC buck-boost converter. The first part of the project developed, simulated, and tested different antenna configurations (including straight, Vee-, and U-shaped dipole antennas) and piezoelectric thin films embedded in the necklace and used as harvesters for RF and vibration energy harvesting. From theoretical calculations, simulations, and measurements of antenna radiation patterns, this thesis demonstrates the advantages of Vee- and U-shape dipoles to increase the received power omnidirectionality over the straight dipole. Simulated and physical human body phantoms were built to test the effects of the human head and chest on the antenna radiation pattern. Moreover, a flexible silver-ink RF dipole antenna integrated with a piezoelectric thin film is also presented and tested to not only provide the necklace flexibility to improve user comfort but also simultaneously harvest low-frequency vibration and RF energy. To convert the periodic electrical energy from the RF antenna and vibration transducer into usable DC energy to power the electronic loads, this work designed and tested different off-chip RF-DC converters and an on-chip AC to DC bias-flip rectifier. Various experimental comparisons between multistage Cockcroft-Walton and Dickson RF-DC converters show that the Dickson topology offers higher efficiency at high input power, whereas the Cockcroft-Walton converter performs better for low input power. For vibration piezoelectric energy harvesting, an implemented state-of-the-art bias-flip interface, which is a hybrid configuration between synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) and on capacitor (SSHC), is proposed in this work to achieve high voltage flip efficiency from 90.2% to 95.6% with a small inductor of 100 [mu]H. The proposed rectifier interface increases the vibration power extraction capability by 7.43X compared to a full-bridge rectifier and 2.2X compared to a conventional SSHI circuit driven by a 117 Hz vibration excitation of 1.12 g. The approach minimizes the inductor and series resistor effects on the bias-flip efficiency and therefore allows 4X power improvement even with a very small inductor valueof 1 [mu]H. Finally, a dual-input buck-boost DC to DC converter that simultaneously scavenges the piezoelectric high-voltage input and a low-voltage input from an RF energy harvesting source was designed and tested with an off-chip circuit and then integrated with the bias-flip rectifier in a chip. The multiple-input converter not only increases the output power and environmental adaptability but also reduces the component volume by sharing the same inductor with the bias-flip rectifier circuit. The complete and optimized system from embedded vibration transducers and antennas to the power management circuit solution, demonstrated in this thesis, improves the performance of energy harvesting in future smart jewelry.
| Author | : Gianni Ciofani |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 250 |
| Release | : 2012-03-31 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 3642280447 |
Nanoscale structures and materials have been explored in many biological applications because of their novel and impressive physical and chemical properties. Such properties allow remarkable opportunities to study and interact with complex biological processes. This book analyses the state of the art of piezoelectric nanomaterials and introduces their applications in the biomedical field. Despite their impressive potentials, piezoelectric materials have not yet received significant attention for bio-applications. This book shows that the exploitation of piezoelectric nanoparticles in nanomedicine is possible and realistic, and their impressive physical properties can be useful for several applications, ranging from sensors and transducers for the detection of biomolecules to “sensible” substrates for tissue engineering or cell stimulation.
| Author | : Djordje Marinkovic |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 143 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9783844008852 |
