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The Enduring Legacy

The Enduring Legacy
Author: Miguel Tinker Salas
Publisher: Duke University Press
Total Pages: 343
Release: 2009-04-20
Genre: History
ISBN: 0822392232

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Oil has played a major role in Venezuela’s economy since the first gusher was discovered along Lake Maracaibo in 1922. As Miguel Tinker Salas demonstrates, oil has also transformed the country’s social, cultural, and political landscapes. In The Enduring Legacy, Tinker Salas traces the history of the oil industry’s rise in Venezuela from the beginning of the twentieth century, paying particular attention to the experiences and perceptions of industry employees, both foreign and Venezuelan. He reveals how class ambitions and corporate interests combined to reshape many Venezuelans’ ideas of citizenship. Middle-class Venezuelans embraced the oil industry from the start, anticipating that it would transform the country by introducing modern technology, sparking economic development, and breaking the landed elites’ stranglehold. Eventually Venezuelan employees of the industry found that their benefits, including relatively high salaries, fueled loyalty to the oil companies. That loyalty sometimes trumped allegiance to the nation-state. North American and British petroleum companies, seeking to maintain their stakes in Venezuela, promoted the idea that their interests were synonymous with national development. They set up oil camps—residential communities to house their workers—that brought Venezuelan employees together with workers from the United States and Britain, and eventually with Chinese, West Indian, and Mexican migrants as well. Through the camps, the companies offered not just housing but also schooling, leisure activities, and acculturation into a structured, corporate way of life. Tinker Salas contends that these practices shaped the heart and soul of generations of Venezuelans whom the industry provided with access to a middle-class lifestyle. His interest in how oil suffused the consciousness of Venezuela is personal: Tinker Salas was born and raised in one of its oil camps.


Petroleum in Venezuela

Petroleum in Venezuela
Author: Edwin Lieuwen
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Total Pages: 174
Release: 1955
Genre: Petroleum industry and trade
ISBN:

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Crude Nation

Crude Nation
Author: Raúl Gallegos
Publisher: Potomac Books
Total Pages: 262
Release: 2019-09-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1640122133

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Beneath Venezuelan soil lies an ocean of crude—the world’s largest reserves—an oil patch that shaped the nature of the global energy business. Unfortunately, a dysfunctional anti-American, leftist government controls this vast resource and has used its wealth to foster voter support, ultimately wreaking economic havoc. Crude Nation reveals the ways in which this mismanagement has led to Venezuela’s economic ruin and turned the country into a cautionary tale for the world. Raúl Gallegos, a former Caracas-based oil correspondent, paints a picture both vivid and analytical of the country’s economic decline, the government’s foolhardy economic policies, and the wrecked lives of Venezuelans. Without transparency, the Venezuelan government uses oil money to subsidize life for its citizens in myriad unsustainable ways, while regulating nearly every aspect of day-to-day existence in Venezuela. This has created a paradox in which citizens can fill up the tanks of their SUVs for less than one American dollar while simultaneously enduring nationwide shortages of staples such as milk, sugar, and toilet paper. Gallegos’s insightful analysis shows how mismanagement has ruined Venezuela again and again over the past century and lays out how Venezuelans can begin to fix their country, a nation that can play an important role in the global energy industry. This paperback edition features a new introduction by the author.


Venezuela

Venezuela
Author: Juan Carlos Boué
Publisher:
Total Pages: 252
Release: 1993
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN:

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The first book in a new series on oil exporting countries, Venezuela: the Political Economy of Oil is indispensable for all observers of the world oil market. As the founding member of OPEC, Venezuela continues to hold a central position in the world petroleum market. Its national oil company, PdVSA, the third largest oil company in the world, is pursuing a revolutionary policy of external acquisitions in developed countries. At the same time, there are early signs of a shift in its attitudes towards allowing foreign investment. This study provides a comprehensive and masterly analysis of the Venezuelan oil industry within the context of the political economy of the country. In particular, Boue considers the potential reserves of the Orinco Oil Basin, the environmental challenges facing Venezuela's oil industry, and the uncertain future of orimulsion, a possibly revolutionary new fuel. In light of two attempted military coups in 1992, this study assesses the prospects for the Venezuelan oil industry in the near and longer-term future.


Venezuela, Oil and Politics

Venezuela, Oil and Politics
Author: Rómulo Betancourt
Publisher: Boston : Houghton Mifflin
Total Pages: 456
Release: 1979
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN:

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The Plot to Overthrow Venezuela

The Plot to Overthrow Venezuela
Author: Dan Kovalik
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
Total Pages: 240
Release: 2019-06-25
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1510750738

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An in-depth look at the US threat to "save" Venezuela Since 1999 when Hugo Chavez became the elected president of Venezuela, the US has been conniving to overthrow his government and to roll back the Bolivarian Revolution which he ushered in to Venezuela. With the untimely death of Hugo Chavez in 2013, and the election of Nicolas Maduro that followed, the US redoubled its efforts to overturn this revolution. The US is now threatening to intervene militarily to bring about the regime change it has wanted for twenty years. While we have been told that the US’s efforts to overthrow Chavez and Maduro are motivated by altruistic goals of advancing the interests of democracy and human rights in Venezuela, is this true? The Plot to Overthrow Venezuela answers this question with a resounding “no,” demonstrating that: The US’s interests in Venezuela have always centered upon one and only one thing: Venezuela’s vast oil reserves; The US has happily supported one repressive regime after another in Venezuela to protect its oil interests; Chavez and Maduro are not the “tyrants” we have been led to believe they are, but in fact have done much to advance the interests of democracy and economic equality in Venezuela; What the US and the Venezuelan opposition resent most is the fact that Chavez and Maduro have governed in the interest of Venezuela’s vast numbers of poor and oppressed racial groups; While the US claims that it is has the humanitarian interests of the Venezuelan people at heart, the fact is that the US has been waging a one-sided economic war against Venezuela which has greatly undermined the health and living conditions of Venezuelans; The opposition forces the US is attempting to put into power represent Venezuela’s oligarchy who want to place Venezuela’s oil revenues back in the hands of Venezuela’s economic elite as well as US oil companies. The battle for Venezuela which is now being waged will determine the fate of all of Latin America for many years to come. The Plot to Overthrow Venezuela lets readers know what is at stake in this struggle and urges readers to reconsider which side they are on.


The Petroleum System

The Petroleum System
Author: Leslie B. Magoon
Publisher: Amer Assn of Petroleum Geologists
Total Pages: 655
Release: 1994-01-01
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9780891813385

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Petroleum Research and Venezuela's INTEVEP

Petroleum Research and Venezuela's INTEVEP
Author: E. B. Brossard
Publisher:
Total Pages: 266
Release: 1993
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN:

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This study provides an analytical history of Venezuela's oil industry, its pioneering efforts in heavy oils and the production of orimulsion fuel. It is also a look into Venezuela's oil history.


Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 1908-1935

Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 1908-1935
Author: B. S. McBeth
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 296
Release: 2002-04-04
Genre: Biography & Autobiography
ISBN: 9780521892186

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The book examines the relationship between Gómez's government and the oil companies.


Oil and Development in Venezuela during the 20th Century

Oil and Development in Venezuela during the 20th Century
Author: Jorge Salazar-Carrillo
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Total Pages: 296
Release: 2004-05-30
Genre: History
ISBN: 0313059519

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This book advances the theory that a potential leading export sector—in this case, the oil sector—is capable of inducing economic growth even in peripheral countries where the product line is primary in nature. In Venezuela the oil sector has contributed directly and indirectly to the development of the country's overall economy, particularly from 1936 to 1973, when that sector met the criteria of a leading sector, i.e., one that expands rapidly and obtains a large specific size relative to the economy as a whole. Oil investment in Venezuela contributed to the fiscal sector, the foreign sector, GDP, income, backward and forward linkages, the multiplier and accelerator effects, and the retained value of total expenditures. In spite of recent efforts to diversify the production and export mix, the Venezuelan economy continues to remain heavily dependent on oil production for export. During the midcentury decades of solid growth, it became evident that government oversight was needed to ensure that the numerous contributions flowing from the oil sector would be put to good use. Overall, it appears that the contributions were well utilized by the Venezuelan government, although there was plenty of room for improvement. Income distribution problems and other social inequities continued to beset the development process, leaving the economy rigid and inflexible. Consequently, when the oil sector faltered (1974 to 2000), Venezuela was unable to shift into other product lines. Political disarray soon followed, and with it a pervasive aura of economic uncertainty that persists to this day.