Personal Income Taxes In The Middle East And North Africa Prospects And Possibilities PDF Download
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Author | : Mario Mansour |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 39 |
Release | : 2023-02-17 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : |
Download Personal Income Taxes in the Middle East and North Africa: Prospects and Possibilities Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Personal income taxes (PITs) play little or no role in the Middle East and North Africa, often yielding less than 2 percent of GDP in revenue—with the exception of few North African countries. This paper examines how PITs have evolved in recent decades, and what they might look like in the next 20 years. Top marginal tax rates on labor and business income of individuals have declined substantially, a trend that mirrors reductions in advanced and developing economies. Taxation of passive capital income has changed very little, and the revenue intake from this source remains low throughout the region (less than 1 percent of GDP on average and concentrated in oil-importing non-fragile states). Social security contributions (SSC) have increased in importance in nearly all MENA countries, and some countries have introduced additional payroll taxes. The combination of reduced marginal tax rates, light taxation of income from capital and business activities, and increase of SSC, have resulted in income tax systems that create disincentives to work and incentives for informality, and contribute little to government revenue and income redistribution. Given differences in economic and political structures, demographics, and starting points, the path to PIT/SSC reforms will vary across the region. Countries with relatively mature PIT/SSC systems, where revenue performance has improved in the past two decades, will increasingly need to balance the revenue and equity objectives against effciency objectives (in particular labor market incentives and infromality). Countries with no PITs will have to weigh whether a consumption tax/SSC system that mimic a flat tax on labor income is sufficient to diversify revenue away from oil and whether to adopt PITs to address rising income and wealth inequality. Finally, fragile states, who face more political volatility and weaker fiscal institutions, will have to focus on simplicity of tax design and collection to be able to raise revenue from PITs.
Author | : Mario Mansour |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 36 |
Release | : 2015-09-02 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1513563564 |
Download Fair Taxation in the Middle East and North Africa Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Fairness – and what governments can do about it – is at the forefront of economic and social debate all over the world. In MENA, this has been at the core of recent political transitions but has not been adequately addressed. This SDN explores how tax systems – a critical interface between the state and citizens – can play a role in meeting demands for greater economic fairness in MENA countries. The SDN finds that for countries with well-established non-hydrocarbon tax systems (mostly oil importers) reforms should focus on simplifying tax structures and introducing more progressivity of personal income taxes, broadening tax bases, and better designing and enforcing property taxes. Tax administration should be more efficient and user-friendly while simplifying tax regimes will reduce the scope for arbitrary implementation. MENA countries with less established non-hydrocarbon revenue systems can begin with a “starter pack” that includes introduction of low-rate value-added and corporate income taxes, excises, and property taxes while building up administrative capacity and taxation expertise together with plans for introducing a personal income tax. Across the region, effective communication, transparency, and constructive dialogue between the State and citizens are critical to the success of reforms.
Author | : Nandini Krishnan |
Publisher | : Directions in Development |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2016 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 9781464807862 |
Download Uneven Odds, Unequal Outcomes Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Perceptions of eroding living standards, low levels of life satisfaction, and pessimism about prospects for economic mobility are widespread in the Middle East and North Africa region today. Conventional measures of economic well-being offer little explanation for these trends; in most countries in the region, extreme poverty is low and declining and economic inequality is lower than in other parts of the world. "Uneven Odds, Unequal Outcomes: Inequality of Opportunity in the Middle East and North Africa" investigates possible reasons for this disconnect, focusing on the role played by inadequate and unequal access to opportunities leading to economic mobility. The inability of most countries in the region to meet the economic aspirations of citizens is closely linked to persistent weaknesses in the labor markets where the pace of job creation has been chronically below levels required to absorb the growing and increasingly better educated population. Opportunities and life paths can diverge early in life if access to basic services in health, education, and infrastructure are unequally distributed among children in their formative years, and this book documents sharp disparities in the quality of services available to children of varying birth circumstances in the region. Although the most intense debates in development coalesce around inequality of income or wealth, the notion of inequality of opportunity has an intuitive appeal that can bridge ideological differences. By drawing attention to the notion of equality of opportunity to create a level playing field for all sections of society, "Uneven Odds, Unequal Outcomes: Inequality of Opportunity in the Middle East and North Africa" highlights the need to critically examine the social contract and governance structures that guide the delivery of services and are instrumental for implementing necessary reforms to make labor markets more dynamic and equitable. --
Author | : Mr.Carlo A. Sdralevich |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 130 |
Release | : 2014-07-09 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1498348467 |
Download Subsidy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries price subsidies are common, especially on food and fuels. However, these are neither well targeted nor cost effective as a social protection tool, often benefiting mainly the better off instead of the poor and vulnerable. This paper explores the challenges of replacing generalized price subsidies with more equitable social safety net instruments, including the short-term inflationary effects, and describes the features of successful subsidy reforms.
Author | : Mr. Ernesto Ramirez Rigo |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 153 |
Release | : 2021-09-20 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1513594087 |
Download State-Owned Enterprises in Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia: Size, Costs, and Challenges Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Prior to the COVID-19 shock, the key challenge facing policymakers in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia region was how to generate strong, sustainable, job-rich, inclusive growth. Post-COVID-19, this challenge has only grown given the additional reduction in fiscal space due to the crisis and the increased need to support the recovery. The sizable state-owned enterprise (SOE) footprint in the region, together with its cost to the government, call for revisiting the SOE sector to help open fiscal space and look for growth opportunities.
Author | : Ruud A. de Mooij |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 388 |
Release | : 2021-02-26 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1513511777 |
Download Corporate Income Taxes under Pressure Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The book describes the difficulties of the current international corporate income tax system. It starts by describing its origins and how changes, such as the development of multinational enterprises and digitalization have created fundamental problems, not foreseen at its inception. These include tax competition—as governments try to attract tax bases through low tax rates or incentives, and profit shifting, as companies avoid tax by reporting profits in jurisdictions with lower tax rates. The book then discusses solutions, including both evolutionary changes to the current system and fundamental reform options. It covers both reform efforts already under way, for example under the Inclusive Framework at the OECD, and potential radical reform ideas developed by academics.
Author | : OECD |
Publisher | : OECD Publishing |
Total Pages | : 161 |
Release | : 2024-02-23 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : 9264804811 |
Download OECD Economic Surveys: Egypt 2024 Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Growth has held up better in Egypt than in neighbouring countries until recently but inflation has reached very high levels and financing conditions have tightened along with foreign currency shortages. In this context, Egypt is stepping up economic reform efforts.
Author | : International Development Research Centre (Canada) |
Publisher | : IDRC |
Total Pages | : 294 |
Release | : 2000 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 0889369305 |
Download Research for Development in the Middle East and North Africa Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Research for Development in the Middle East and North Africa
Author | : Ms. Genevieve Verdier |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 65 |
Release | : 2022-07-06 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : |
Download Revenue Mobilization for a Resilient and Inclusive Recovery in the Middle East and Central Asia Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Domestic revenue mobilization has been a longstanding challenge for countries in the Middle East and Central Asia. Insufficient revenue has often constrained priority social and infrastructure spending, reducing countries’ ability to reach the Sustainable Development Goals, improve growth prospects, and address climate related challenges. Moreover, revenue shortfalls have often been compensated by large and sustained debt accumulation, raising vulnerabilities in some countries, and limiting fiscal space to address future shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have compounded challenges to sustainable public finances, underscoring the need for revenue mobilization efforts. The recent global crises have also exacerbated existing societal inequalities and highlighted the importance of raising revenues in an efficient and equitable manner. This paper examines the scope for additional tax revenue mobilization and discusses policies to gradually raise tax revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion in the Middle East and Central Asia. The paper’s main findings are that excluding hydrocarbon revenues, the region’s average tax intake lags those of other regions; the region’s fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) face particular challenges in mobilizing tax revenue; In general, there is considerable scope to raise additional tax revenue; countries have made efforts to raise tax collection, but challenges remain; tax policy design, notably low tax rates and pervasive tax exemptions, is an important factor driving tax revenue shortfalls; weak tax compliance, reflecting both structural features and challenges in revenue administration, also plays a role; and personal income tax systems in the region vary in their progressivity—the extent to which the average tax rate increases with income—and in their ability to redistribute income. These findings provide insights for policy action to raise revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion. The paper’s analysis points to these priorities for the region to improve both efficiency and equity of tax systems: improving tax policy design to broaden the tax base and increase progressivity and redistributive capacity; strengthening revenue administration to improve compliance; and implementing structural reforms to incentivize tax compliance, formalization, and economic diversification.
Author | : Mr.Günther Taube |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 50 |
Release | : 1996 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : |
Download Presumptive Taxation in Sub-Saharan Africa Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This paper analyses presumptive taxation methods and their application in Sub-Saharan Africa. Presumptive taxation involves simple techniques to capture domestic transactions and sources of income that frequently escapes conventional taxation.