Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Passive Sampling Devices As Biological Surrogates For Evaluating Seasonal Bioavailability Of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants In Surface Water PDF full book. Access full book title Passive Sampling Devices As Biological Surrogates For Evaluating Seasonal Bioavailability Of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants In Surface Water.
| Author | : Doolalai Sethajintanin |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 292 |
| Release | : 2005 |
| Genre | : Organic water pollutants |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Richard Greenwood |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 487 |
| Release | : 2007-07-03 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0080489508 |
Monitoring pollutants in air, soil and water is a routine requirement in the workplace, and in the wider environment. Passive samplers can provide a representative picture of levels of pollutants over a period of time from days to months by measuring the average concentrations to which they have been exposed. Air monitors are widely used, for instance to measure the exposure of workers to volatile compounds, but also for monitoring the fate of pollutants in the atmosphere. Passive sampling devices are now becomining increasingly used to monitor pollutants in rivers, coastal waters and ground water where contamination results from sources such as domestic and industrial discharges, and the use of agrochemicals. Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring provides a timely collection of information on a set of techniques that help monitor the quality of air, surface and ground waters. Passive sampling can provide an inexpensive means of obtaining a representative picture of quality over a period of time, even where levels of pollutants fluctuate due to discontinuous discharges or seasonal application of chemicals such as pesticides. Recent changes in legislation have increased the pressure to obtain better information than that provided by classical infrequent spot sampling.Brought together in one source, this book looks at the performance of a range of devices for the passive sampling of metals, and of non-polar and polar organic chemicals in air and in water. The strengths and weaknesses and the range of applicability of the technology are considered. * Comprehensive review of passive sampling - covering air, water and majority of available technologies in one volume* Chapters written by international specialist experts * Covers theory and applications, providing background information and guidelines for use in the field
| Author | : JB. Wells |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 18 |
| Release | : 2000 |
| Genre | : Bioavailability |
| ISBN | : |
Organic chemical exposure in soil toxicity tests and in ecological risk assessment of terrestrial systems is usually expressed as the total chemical measured. Possible alternatives to total chemical measures of organic chemical bioavailability and exposure include body residues in test organisms, soil extraction with selective solvents, and passive sampling devices (PSDs) as biological surrogates. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) offer potential as a biological surrogate in soil systems. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers are a rapid and sensitive means for detecting PAHs in soil and have the advantage of not requiring solvent extraction of soil. The objective of this study was to compare chemical uptake and residues in earthworms, SPMDs, and SPMEs exposed in artificial soil spiked with phenanthrene (PHE). Bioavailable PHE, as assessed by mortality and PHE body residues, varied dramatically with soil organic matter content. Both SPMEs and SPMDs could discriminate differences in PHE availability between treatments. However, PHE levels measured using SPMEs were more precise and allowed discrimination between toxic and non-toxic levels of PHE, while PHE levels in SPMDs were too variable for use as a predictive tool.
| Author | : Lucas W. Quarles |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 350 |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : Membranes (Technology) |
| ISBN | : |
Contaminants can exist in a wide range of states in aqueous environments, especially in surface waters. They can be freely dissolved or associated with dissolved or particulate organic matter depending on their chemical and physical characteristics. The freely dissolved fraction represents the most bioavailable fraction to an organism. These freely dissolved contaminants can cross biomembranes, potentially exerting toxic effects. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) have been developed to aid in sampling many of these contaminants by having the ability to distinguish between the freely dissolved and bound fraction of a contaminant. A new PSD, the Lipid-Free Tube (LFT) sampler was developed in response to some of the shortcomings of other current PSD that sample hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). The device and laboratory methods were original modeled after a widely utilized PSD, the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), and then improved upon. The effectiveness, efficiency, and sensitivity of not only the PSD itself, but also the laboratory methods were investigated. One requirement during LFT development was to ensure LFTs could be coupled with biological analyses without deleterious results. In an embryonic zebrafish developmental toxicity assay, embryos exposed to un-fortified LFT extracts did not show significant adverse biological response as compared to controls. Also, LFT technology lends itself to easy application in monitoring pesticides at remote sampling sites. LFTs were utilized during a series of training exchanges between Oregon State University and the Centre de Recherches en Ecotoxicologie pour le Sahel (CERES)/LOCUSTOX laboratory in Dakar, Senegal that sought to build "in country" analytical capacity. Application of LFTs as biological surrogates for predicting potential human health risk endpoints, such as those in a public health assessment was also investigated. LFT mass and accumulated contaminant masses were used directly, representing the amount of contaminants an organism would be exposed to through partitioning assuming steady state without metabolism. These exposure concentrations allow for calculating potential health risks in a human health risk model. LFT prove to be a robust tool not only for assessing bioavailable water concentrations of HOCs, but also potentially providing many insights into the toxicological significance of aquatic contaminants and mixtures.
| Author | : James N. Huckins |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 229 |
| Release | : 2006-11-30 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 038735414X |
The authors of this book are pioneers of the passive, integrative sampling approach and developers of globally applied semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The book will boost understanding of how passive samplers such as SPMD function by examining basic exchange processes that mediate the concentration of SVOCs in a sampling matrix. The book delineates fundamental theory and modeling techniques, while providing a practical guide for its proper application.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 860 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Dissertations, Academic |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Sarah E. Allan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 113 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Organic water pollutants |
| ISBN | : |
Chemicals must be bioavailable for there to be a potential for exposure and consequent risk to human or environmental health. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) are used to quantify the time-integrated concentration of bioavailable contaminants. We demonstrate that PSDs can be paired with the zebrafish developmental toxicity bioassay to produce site-specific, temporally resolved information about the toxicity of environmental samples. Furthermore, modeling associations between the chemical components of environmental mixtures and the toxic outcomes they elicit can link bioactive compounds to biological effects. This research also shows that PSDs can be used as direct biological surrogates in a risk assessment model. We were able to determine spatial and seasonal variations in exposure and risk from the consumption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in organisms from the Portland Harbor Superfund that were not detected in the Public Health Assessment for the area. Additionally, PSDs are a tool that we were able to rapidly deploy after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. We quantified biologically relevant PAH contamination on a large spatial scale, over a long period of time when the chemicals of concern were present at relatively low dissolved concentrations, their impact on certain areas was sporadic and their presence and toxicological significance were not easily visualized. The research presented here can be applied to improve environmental monitoring, mixture toxicity assessment and risk assessment.
| Author | : Jonathan K. Challis |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The primary goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate an improved aquatic passive sampling device (PSD) for measurement of polar organic contaminants. Chemical uptake of current polar-PSDs (e.g., POCIS - polar organic chemical integrative sampler) is dependent on the specific environmental conditions in which the sampler is deployed (flow-rate, temperature), leading to large uncertainties when applying laboratory-derived sampling rates in-situ. A novel configuration of the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) passive sampler was developed to overcome these challenges. The organic-DGT (o-DGT) configuration comprised a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance® sorbent binding phase and an outer agarose diffusive gel (thickness = 0.5-1.5 mm), notably excluding a polyethersulfone protective membrane which is used with all other polar-PSDs. Sampler calibration exhibited linear uptake and sufficient capacity for 34 pharmaceuticals and pesticides over typical environmental deployment times, with measured sampling rates ranging from 9-16 mL/d. Measured and modelled diffusion coefficients (D) through the outer agarose gel provided temperature-specific estimates of o-DGT sampling rates within 20% (measured-D) and 30% (modelled-D) compared to rates determined through full-sampler calibration. Boundary layer experiments in lab and field demonstrated that inclusion of the agarose diffusive gel negated boundary layer effects, suggesting that o-DGT uptake is largely insensitive to hydrodynamic conditions. The utility of o-DGT was evaluated under a variety of field conditions and performance was assessed in comparison to POCIS and grab samples. o-DGT was effective at measuring pharmaceuticals and pesticides in raw wastewater effluents, small creeks, large fast-flowing rivers, open-water lakes, and under ice at near-zero water temperatures. Concentrations measured by o-DGT were more accurate than POCIS when compared to grab samples, likely resulting from the influence in-situ conditions have on POCIS. Modelled sampling rates were successfully used to estimate semi-quantitative water concentrations of suspect wastewater contaminants using high-resolution mass spectrometry, demonstrating the unique utility of this o-DGT technique. This dissertation establishes o-DGT as a more accurate, user-friendly, and widely applicable passive sampler compared to current-use polar-PSDs. The o-DGT tool will help facilitate more accurate and efficient monitoring efforts and ultimately lead to more appropriate exposure data and environmental risk assessment.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 94 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : Electronic government information |
| ISBN | : |
... Discusses the use of passive-vapor-diffusion samplers (PVD samplers) as an effective way to measure volatile organic compounds; discusses the process, advantages and disadvantages of using PVD samplers, manufacture and deployment, and gives examples of applications in New England, including the Nyanza, Baird & McGuire, and Otis Air National Guard/Camp Edwards Superfund sites; this report is available on the internet at: water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri024186 ...
| Author | : Rao Y. Surampalli |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 629 |
| Release | : 2023-08-28 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1119825253 |
Microconstituents in the Environment Comprehensive introduction to managing novel pollutants commonly released into the environment through industrial and everyday processes Microconstituents in the Environment: Occurrence, Fate, Removal and Management provides the readers with an understanding of the occurrence and fate of microconstituents, pollutants that have not previously been detected or regulated under current environmental laws or may cause known or suspected adverse ecological and/or human health effects even at insignificant levels, covering their presence in the environment and possible management strategies. The text is practice-oriented and evaluates a wide range of technologies for pollutant removal and how to implement them in the field. In Microconstituents in the Environment, readers will find information on: Fundamental ideas regarding microconstituents, including their classification, major sources, and detection methods, and their removal via biological treatment techniques Fate and transport of microconstituents in various environmental domains, including mathematical modeling based on remote sensing techniques Physicochemical treatment techniques for microconstituents, including precipitation, absorption, filtration, membrane separation, and oxidation Sustainability and environmental management, including the regulatory framework and requirements for developing a new field application, plus an outlook on green design concepts With its emphasis on management and remediation, Microconstituents in the Environment is a highly useful one-stop resource on the subject for environmental scientists, modelers, government agencies, and research scientists working in the field of environmental pollution.
