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| Author | : Jared Cromas |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 356 |
| Release | : 2003 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Jerzy Merkisz |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 146 |
| Release | : 2015-03-19 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3319159283 |
This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.
| Author | : Thorsten Boger |
| Publisher | : SAE International |
| Total Pages | : 350 |
| Release | : 2018-11-28 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0768095433 |
For years, diesel engines have been the focus of particulate matter emission reductions. Now, however, modern diesel engines emit less particles than a comparable gasoline engine. This transformation necessitates an introduction of particulate reduction strategies for the gasoline-powered vehicle. Many strategies can be leveraged from diesel engines, but new combustion and engine control technologies will be needed to meet the latest gasoline regulations across the globe. Particulate reduction is a critical health concern in addition to the regulatory requirements. This is a vital issue with real-world implications. Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines encompasses the current strategies and technologies used to reduce particulates to meet regulatory requirements and curtail health hazards - reviewing principles and applications of these techniques. Highlights and features in the book include: Gasoline particulate filter design, function and applications Coated and uncoated three way catalyst design and integration Measurement of gasoline particulate matter emission, both laboratory and PEMS The goal is to provide a comprehensive assessment of gasoline particulate emission control to meet regulatory and health requirements - appealing to calibration, development and testing engineers alike.
| Author | : Avinash Kumar Agarwal |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 266 |
| Release | : 2018-11-01 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9811332991 |
This book provides a comparative analysis of both diesel and gasoline engine particulates, and also of the emissions resulting from the use of alternative fuels. Written by respected experts, it offers comprehensive insights into motor vehicle particulates, their formation, composition, location, measurement, characterisation and toxicology. It also addresses exhaust-gas treatment and legal, measurement-related and technological advancements concerning emissions. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike.
| Author | : Juan Felipe Rodríguez |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 211 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
As the CO2 emission standards around the world become more stringent, the turbocharged downsized gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine provides a mature platform to achieve better fuel economy. For this reason, it is expected that the GDI engine will capture increasing shares of the market during the coming years. The in-cylinder liquid injection, though advantageous in most engine operation regimes, creates emissions challenges during the cold crank-start and cold fast-idle phases. The engine cold-start is responsible for a disproportionate share of the hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emitted over the certification cycle. Understanding the sources of the pollutants during this stage is necessary for the further market penetration of GDI under the constraint of tighter emission standards. This work aims to examine the formation processes of the HC, NOx and PM emissions during the cold-start phase in a GDI engine, and the sensitivity of the pollutant emissions to different operation strategies. To this end, a detailed analysis of the crank-start was carried out, in which the first three engine cycles were individually examined. For the steady-state phase, the trade-off between low fast-idle emissions and high exhaust thermal enthalpy flow, necessary for fast catalyst warm-up, is investigated under several operation strategies. The pollutant formation processes are strongly dependent on the mixture formation and on the temperature and pressure history of the combustion process. The results show that unconventional valve timing strategies with large, symmetric, negative valve overlap and delayed combustion phasing are the most effective ways to reduce engine-out emissions during both crank-start and fast-idle phases.
| Author | : David Jonathan Kayes |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 388 |
| Release | : 1999 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Markus Bertsch |
| Publisher | : Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH |
| Total Pages | : 170 |
| Release | : 2016-12-31 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 3832544038 |
This thesis discusses experimental investigations to reduce particle number emissions from gasoline engines with direct injection. Measures on a single cylinder research engine with combined usage of a particle number measurement system, a particle size distribution measurement system as well as optical diagnostics and thermodynamic analysis enable an in-depth assessment of particle formation and oxidation. Therefore, numerous optical diagnostic techniques for spray visualisation (Mie-scattering, High-Speed PIV) and soot detection (High-Speed-Imaging, Fiber optical diagnostics) are deployed. Two injectors with different hydraulic flows but identical spray-targeting are characterised and compared by measurements in a pressurised chamber. The operation at higher engine load and low engine speed is in the focus of the experimental work at the engine test bench. Thereby, the low flow velocities in the combustion chamber, caused by the low engine speed, as well as the large amount of fuel injected are major challenges for the mixture formation process. A substantial part of the thesis thus focusses on the detailed analysis of the mixture formation process, which is consisting of fuel injection, interaction of the in-cylinder charge motion with the fuel injected and the fuel properties. Measures for the optimisation of the mixture formation process and the minimisation of the particle number emissions are analysed and evaluated. The charge motion is manipulated by the impression of a directed flow, the variation of the valve timings and valve open curve. The injection process is influenced by a reduction of the hydraulic flow of the injector and an increase of the injection pressure up to 50 MPa. The investigations show fundamental effects and potentials of different variation parameters concerning their emissions reduction potential at the exemplary operation at high engine load. Due to the simultaneous analysis of the in-cylinder charge motion and a thermodynamic analysis, the results can be transferred to different engines.
| Author | : B. P. Pundir |
| Publisher | : Alpha Science International, Limited |
| Total Pages | : 326 |
| Release | : 2007 |
| Genre | : Aircraft exhaust emissions |
| ISBN | : |
"Engine Emissions: Pollutant Formation and Advances in Control Technology provides an up to date reference to academics and professionals on emissions from SI and CI engine powered vehicles. - In this text, mechanism of formation of engine emissions, effect of engine design and operation variables, world wide vehicle emission standards and emission measurement and test procedures are presented. Advances in emission control technology that have taken place from those used initially and up to the ones employed on the present day vehicles meeting the stringent emission regulations e.g., Euro 4, ULEV, SULEV standards are discussed. - Newer developments on exhaust aftertreatment such as HC adsorber systems, NO, traps and other de-NO, catalysts, and advanced engines like GDI and HCCI engines are covered in the book."--Jacket.
| Author | : B. Ashok |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 488 |
| Release | : 2021-11-09 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0128242280 |
NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles presents the fundamental theory of emission formation, particularly the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and its chemical reactions and control techniques. The book provides a simplified framework for technical literature on NOx reduction strategies in IC engines, highlighting thermodynamics, combustion science, automotive emissions and environmental pollution control. Sections cover the toxicity and roots of emissions for both SI and CI engines and the formation of various emissions such as CO, SO2, HC, NOx, soot, and PM from internal combustion engines, along with various methods of NOx formation. Topics cover the combustion process, engine design parameters, and the application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction, making this book ideal for researchers and students in automotive, mechanical, mechatronics and chemical engineering students working in the field of emission control techniques. Covers advanced and recent technologies and emerging new trends in NOx reduction for emission control Highlights the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine performance parameters Discusses emission norms such as EURO VI and Bharat stage VI in reducing global air pollution due to engine emissions
| Author | : Changhoon Oh |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 162 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Due to their advantages in higher fuel efficiency and torque compared to conventional port fuel injection (PFI) engines, direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines have become dominant in gasoline-fueled engines. However, DISI engines have a significant drawback in particulate matter (PM) emission: the PM emission of DISI engines is at least an order of magnitude higher than that of PFI engines. The objective of this study is to investigate PM emission in DISI engines, mainly focusing on particulate number (PN) emission. The study aims to assess, respectively, the plausible PM formation mechanisms: non-fuel originated sources (e.g., lubricant), flame propagation in rich mixture and the pyrolysis of the vapor from liquid fuel film. Through a series of experiments, it has been found that non-fuel contribution is less important than the other two mechanisms. For all operating conditions, the absolute amount of the non-fuel contribution is much smaller than the total emission. In case of PM generated by flame propagation in rich mixture, there is a threshold air-fuel equivalence ratio below which PM starts to form rapidly. The threshold is influenced by the combustion temperature. PM starts to form at lower equivalence ratio when the combustion temperature was lower. Contrary to the PM generated from flame propagation in fuel-rich mixture case, that from the liquid fuel film is suppressed by lowering the combustion temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging shows that the sizes of primary particles and agglomerated particles become larger as engine load increases, but particulates from different mechanisms have different morphology.
