Orissan History Culture And Archaeology PDF Download

The Maritime Activities Of Kalinga Are Well Known. The People Of Kalinga Were Great Seafares And Their Expertise In The Technology Of Ship-Building And Navigation Is Indeed Astonishing. The Book Gives A Comprehensive Account Of The Rich Maritime Tradition Of Kalinga. Besides Describing Its Geographical Location Of Port Towns It Deals With Their Political And Cultural Contacts With Other Overseas Countries, Trade And Communication Patterns, Economic And Currency Trends For The Last Few Centuries. The Book Also Unearthed Some Unknown Ports And Trade Centers Of Kalinga. It Also Focuses On How The Natural Factors Are Responsible For The Decline Of Certain Ports And Trade Centers And At The Same Time Emphasises On The Emergence Of New Ports And Trade Centers. There Was No Decline Of Trade. It Is Held That Trade Was Basically And Exclusively A Private Enterprise Organised By The Merchants And Merchantile Guilds Throughout The Period And Hence Fluctuating Political Fortunes Of The Ruling Families Of Kalinga Did Not Necessarily Affect In The Progress And Retardation Of The Maritime Activities Of Its People. Although Inheritors Of Ancient Seafares Changed Their Profession Over The Time Due To Declines In Trade Contacts Yet The Traditions Are Being Maintained In The Region In Form Of Cultural Festivals. Contents Chapter 1: Historical Background And Sources; Section I: Historical Bakground, Section Ii: Sources-Literary, Inscriptional And Numismatics, Archaeological Evidences, Art, Section Iii: Approach Chapter 2: Ports Of Kalinga And Expansion Of Culture; Tamralipti, Hatthasis, Khalkatapatna, Che-Li-Ta-Lo, Manikapatna, Ports Around Chilka Lake, Palur, Kalingapatnam, Dantapura, Salihundam, Thotlakonda And Bavikonda, Gopalapatnam, Pithunda; Expansion Of Culture - Africa And Arabia, Bali, Borneo, Burma, Ceylon, Champa, China, Funan, Java, Rome, Siam, Sumatra Chapter 3: Trade Routes And Commerce; Land Routes; Water Routs; River Routs; Sea Routes; Internal Trade; Foreign Trade; Currency Chapter 4: Ship-Building And Navigation; Indian Background - Seasons For Ship-Building, Construction Of Ships, Classification Of Ships, Mast And Sail, Rudder, Parts Of The Ship, Description Of Sewn Boat; Ship-Building And Navigation In Kalinga - Boat-Building Techniques, Use Of Timber For Construction Of Boats, Traditional Boats - Bhela, Pota (Dug-Out), Nauka, Padhua And Kosaladanga, Chapa; Navigation - Coastal Navigation, Open Sea Navigation, Ancient Knowledge Of Currents, Present Climatological Current Pattern, Ancient Knowledge Of Wind, Present Climatological Wind Pattern, Sailing Seasons Chapter 5: Causes Of Decline.