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It is emphasized in the 2015 NSAC Long Range Plan [1] that "understanding the structure of hadrons in terms of QCD's quarks and gluons is one of the central goals of modern nuclear physics." Over the last three decades, lattice QCD has developed into a powerful tool for ab initio calculations of strong-interaction physics. Up until now, it is the only theoretical approach to solving QCD with controlled statistical and systematic errors. Since 1985, we have proposed and carried out first-principles calculations of nucleon structure and hadron spectroscopy using lattice QCD which entails both algorithmic development and large scale computer simulation. We started out by calculating the nucleon form factors − electromagnetic [2], axial-vector [3], ? NN [4], and scalar [5] form factors, the quark spin contribution [6] to the proton spin, the strangeness magnetic moment [7], the quark orbital angular momentum [8], the quark momentum fraction [9], and the quark and glue decomposition of the proton momentum and angular momentum [10]. These first round of calculations were done with Wilson fermions in the q̀uenched' approximation where the dynamical effects of the quarks in the sea are not taken into account in the Monte Carlo simulation to generate the background gauge configurations. Beginning in 2000, we have started implementing the overlap fermion formulation into the spectroscopy and structure calculations [11, 12]. This is mainly because the overlap fermion honors chiral symmetry as in the continuum. It is going to be more and more important to take the symmetry into account as the simulations move closer to the physical point where the u and d quark masses are as light as a few MeV only. We began with lattices which have quark masses in the sea corresponding to a pion mass at ̃300 MeV and obtained the strange form factors [13], charm and strange quark masses, the charmonium spectrum and the Ds meson decay constant fDs [14], the strangeness and charmness [15], the meson mass decomposition [16] and the strange quark spin from the anomalous Ward identity [17]. Recently, we have started to include multiple lattices with different lattice spacings and different volumes including large lattices at the physical pion mass point. We are getting quite close to being able to calculate the hadron structure at the physical point and to do the continuum and large volume extrapolations which is our ultimate aim. We have now finished several projects which have included these systematic corrections. They include the leptonic decay width of the [18], the N sigma and strange sigma terms [19], and the strange quark magnetic moment [20]. Over the years, we have also studied hadron spectroscopy with lattice calculations and in phenomenology. These include Roper resonance [21, 22], pentaquark state [23], charmonium spectrum [24, 14], glueballs [25, 26, 27, 28], scalar mesons a0(1450) and (600) [29] and other scalar mesons [30], and the 1−+ meson [31]. In addition, we have employed the canonical approach to explore the first order phase transition and the critical point at finite density and finite temperature [32, 33]. We have also discovered a new parton degree of freedom − the connected sea partons, from the path-integral formulation of the hadronic tensor [34, 35] which explains the experimentally observed Gottfried sum rule violation [34]. Combining experimental result on the strange parton distribution, the CT10 global fitting results of the total u and d anti-partons and the lattice result of the ratio of the momentum fraction of the strange vs that of u or d in the disconnected insertion, we have shown that the connected sea partons can be isolated [36]. In this final technical report, we shall present a few representative highlights that have been achieved in the project.
