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Not just a drop in the bucket: Measuring women’s empowerment in water, sanitation, and hygiene

Not just a drop in the bucket: Measuring women’s empowerment in water, sanitation, and hygiene
Author: Myers, Emily
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 19
Release: 2022-03-11
Genre: Political Science
ISBN:
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Given the lack of consensus around how to measure empowerment in WASH, mapping existing indicators to two frameworks frequently used in the empowerment literature illustrates knowledge gaps. We identified 290 gender-sensitive indicators across nine WASH themes that were mapped to the Reach-Benefit-Empower and Resources-Agency-Achievements frameworks. Most indicators measure “Benefit” and/or “Resources.” Existing gender-sensitive indicators capturing empowerment and agency in WASH are lacking; only 10.3% of indicators capture “Empower” and 24.8% of indicators capture “Agency.”

Development of a Women’s Empowerment metric for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WE-WASH)

Development of a Women’s Empowerment metric for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WE-WASH)
Author: Heckert, Jessica
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 97
Release: 2023-12-04
Genre: Political Science
ISBN:
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There is a growing focus on gender-sensitive approaches and women’s empowerment in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors. At the same time, there is a lack of metrics to measure women’s empowerment in the WASH sector. Such metrics are important for understanding the types of programmatic interventions that are most needed for addressing women’s empowerment, as well as for assessing their impacts on women’s empowerment. In this report, we describe the development of a Women’s Empowerment metrics for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WE-WASH). We collected data from individual women and men in 812 households in Malawi and 826 households in Nepal. Using the data, we develop 14 indicators and establish cutoff thresholds (i.e., whether the individual is empowered) in the areas of intrinsic, instrumental, and collective agency in WASH; instrumental and intrinsic agency in menstrual hygiene management; and the empowerment environment (or resources for empowerment). In each country, we observe differences in empowerment levels between women and men, that favor men on most outcomes. Notably, in both countries, we find that women are much less likely than men to contribute to WASH infrastructure decisions, and most women are spending an undue amount of time contributing to WASH-related labor. In Nepal especially, agency related to menstrual hygiene management is also a substantial area of disempowerment for women.

Gender and Water Sanitation and Hygiene

Gender and Water Sanitation and Hygiene
Author: Caroline Sweetman
Publisher: Working in Gender & Developmen
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2019
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9781788530835
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At birth and death, and each day in between, individual human need for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is near constant. While WASH is intensely personal, it is also about power, inequality, development and social justice. Inadequate WASH provision both results from and causes continuing poverty, and serves to reinforce gender and other inequalities. Women and girls experience WASH needs differently from men, both as individuals, and as societies' carers. Gender and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene highlights the importance of WASH provision for women and girls in their own right, as carers for families and communities, and as key to women's empowerment.

The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-Related Empowerment (ARISE) Scales

The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-Related Empowerment (ARISE) Scales
Author: Sheela Sinharoy
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2022
Genre:
ISBN:
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Sustainable Development Goal 6 aims to ensure access to water and sanitation for all, and target 6.2 emphasizes “paying special attention to the needs of women and girls”. Research documenting how water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions impact women's and girls' lives is growing. However, no rigorously validated survey instruments exist for measuring empowerment within the WASH sector. The objective of our study was to develop and validate survey instruments to measure sub-domains of women's empowerment in relation to sanitation in urban areas of low- and middle-income countries. We followed a multi-phased, theory-informed approach that included factor analysis and item response theory methods, as well as reliability and validity testing, to analyze cross-sectional data collected from women in two cities: Tiruchirappalli, India (N=996) and Kampala, Uganda (N=1,024). Through rigorous evaluation of conceptually grounded question (item) sets, we identify a set of valid, comprehensive scales. The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) scales represent 16 sub-domains of sanitation-related empowerment, each of which can be used alone or in combination with others, as needed. The ARISE scales are the only set of psychometrically validated metrics for the measurement of women's empowerment in WASH. In addition to the scales, we provide six indices to assess women's direct experiences with sub-domains of sanitation-related empowerment, as well as validated item sets related to menstruation, which are available as optional add-on measures for those who menstruate. The ARISE scales and associated survey modules respond to an established need for an increased focus on empowerment in WASH. We provide researchers and implementers with tools to measure sub-constructs of empowerment in a valid and reliable way, to generate data for better targeting, design, implementation, and evaluation of strategies to improve women's empowerment in the context of urban sanitation at the program and policy level.

Flowing Upstream

Flowing Upstream
Author: Sara Ahmed
Publisher:
Total Pages: 258
Release: 2005
Genre: Water resources development
ISBN: 9788175968776
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Participatory Evaluation

Participatory Evaluation
Author: Deepa Narayan-Parker
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Total Pages: 140
Release: 1993-01-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 9780821324776
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Printed on Demand. Contact [email protected], if currently unavailable. World Bank Technical Paper 207. Development projects that encourage direct community participation ususally meet with greater success than those that do not. This guidebook describes ways of letting poor people help monitor and evaluate the water and sanitation programs that serve them. It provides simple shortcuts for building community participation and consensus. Decisionmakers will learn the different risks posed by this approach, such as viewing community participation as a panacea. The study describes ways to set reasonable goals without discouraging unexpected progress. It provides a handy framework of key indicators that can be used to monitor progress. These indicators gauge a project's cost, sustainability, and effectiveness. They rate a community's abiltiy to expand services and handle more operating responsibilities. Also available in French: (ISBN 0-8213-2782-8) Stock No. 12782.

Women's Economic Empowerment

Women's Economic Empowerment
Author: Kate Grantham
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 211
Release: 2021-03-04
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1000340341
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This book investigates the barriers to women’s economic empowerment in the Global South. Drawing on evidence from a wide range of countries, the book outlines important lessons and practical solutions for promoting gender equality. Despite global progress in closing gender gaps in education and health, women’s economic empowerment has lagged behind, with little evidence that economic growth promotes gender equality. International Development Research Centre’s (IDRC) Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) programme was set up to provide policy lessons, insights, and concrete solutions that could lead to advances in gender equality, particularly on the role of institutions and macroeconomic growth, barriers to labour market access for women, and the impact of women’s care responsibilities. This book showcases rigorous and multi-disciplinary research emerging from this ground-breaking programme, covering topics such as the school-to-work transition, child marriage, unpaid domestic work and childcare, labour market segregation, and the power of social and cultural norms that prevent women from fully participating in better paid sectors of the economy. With a range of rich case studies from Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Uganda, this book is perfect for students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working on women’s economic empowerment and gender equality in the Global South.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Humanitarian Contexts

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Humanitarian Contexts
Author: Richard C. Carter
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2015
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 9781853398841
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The approach of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Humanitarian Contexts is straightforward and practical, with little theory - the focus being on improving professional practice in the midst of humanitarian suffering; written for those whose everyday work involves humanitarian response to WASH needs in emergencies and disasters.

Water, sanitation and child health: Evidence from subnational panel data in 59 countries

Water, sanitation and child health: Evidence from subnational panel data in 59 countries
Author: Headey, Derek D.
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 84
Release: 2018-08-24
Genre: Political Science
ISBN:
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Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) investments are widely seen as essential for improving health in early childhood. However, the experimental literature on WASH interventions identifies inconsistent impacts on child health outcomes, with relatively robust impacts on diarrhea and other symptoms of infection, but weak and varying impacts on child nutrition. In contrast, observational research exploiting cross-sectional variation in water and sanitation access is much more sanguine, finding strong associations with diarrhea prevalence, mortality and stunting. In practice, both literatures suffer from significant methodological limitations. Experimental WASH evaluations are often subject to poor compliance, rural bias, and short duration of exposure, while cross-sectional observational evidence may be highly vulnerable to omitted variables bias. To overcome some of the limitations of both literatures, we construct a panel of 442 subnational regions in 59 countries with multiple Demographic Health Surveys. This large subnational panel is used to implement difference-in-difference regressions that allow us to examine whether longer term changes in water and sanitation at the subnational level predict improvements in child morbidity, mortality and nutrition. We find results that are partially consistent with both literatures. Improved water access is statistically insignificantly associated with most outcomes, although water piped into the dwelling predicts reductions in child stunting. Improvements in sanitation predict large reductions in diarrhea prevalence and child mortality, but are not associated with changes in stunting or wasting. We estimate that sanitation improvements can account for just under 10% of the decline in child mortality from 1990-2015.

The United Nations world water development report 2019

The United Nations world water development report 2019
Author: WWAP
Publisher: UNESCO Publishing
Total Pages: 202
Release: 2019-03-19
Genre: Education
ISBN: 9231003097
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Access to water and sanitation is internationally recognized human right. Yet more than t wo billion people lack even the most basic of services. The latest United Nations World Water Development Report, Leaving No One Behind, explores the symptoms of exclusion and investigates ways to overcome inequalities.