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| Author | : Larry J. Puckett |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 6 |
| Release | : 1994 |
| Genre | : Nonpoint source pollution |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Larry J. Puckett |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 9 |
| Release | : 1994 |
| Genre | : Nonpoint source pollution |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Larry J. Puckett |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 18 |
| Release | : 1994 |
| Genre | : Nonpoint source pollution |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 569 |
| Release | : 2000-02-17 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 0309172683 |
In 1997, New York City adopted a mammoth watershed agreement to protect its drinking water and avoid filtration of its large upstate surface water supply. Shortly thereafter, the NRC began an analysis of the agreement's scientific validity. The resulting book finds New York City's watershed agreement to be a good template for proactive watershed management that, if properly implemented, will maintain high water quality. However, it cautions that the agreement is not a guarantee of permanent filtration avoidance because of changing regulations, uncertainties regarding pollution sources, advances in treatment technologies, and natural variations in watershed conditions. The book recommends that New York City place its highest priority on pathogenic microorganisms in the watershed and direct its resources toward improving methods for detecting pathogens, understanding pathogen transport and fate, and demonstrating that best management practices will remove pathogens. Other recommendations, which are broadly applicable to surface water supplies across the country, target buffer zones, stormwater management, water quality monitoring, and effluent trading.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 422 |
| Release | : 2000-08-17 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0309069483 |
Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 1997 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The quantification of the regional transport of nutrients to the Gulf of Mexico is important to developing management strategies for reducing the hypoxic zone observed in recent summers on the Louisiana coastal shelf. Although existing research clearly identifies the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers as the primary conduits for nutrients, the origin (type and location) of the sources of nutrients in these rivers is less certain. Better estimates of the quantities of point- and nonpoint-source nutrients delivered to the Gulf of Mexico from interior watersheds could improve the efficiency of management strategies. To assist in identifying the origin of stream nutrients nationally, we developed a water-quality model of nutrient flux in rivers of the United States. This model allows us to estimate the origin of point and nonpoint source nutrient flux at numerous locations on the coastal margin including the outlets of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers. The regression-based water-quality model relates monitored nutrient flux from 430 watersheds to various measures of upstream pollutant loadings, such as industrial and municipal discharges, fertilizer application, animal manure, and atmospheric deposition. The monitored watersheds range in size from several hundred to several tens of thousands of square miles. Flux estimates are developed from regularly-collected season nutrient measurements and daily estimates of streamflow using log-regression rating curve techniques. The estimated loadings of nonpoint-source nutrients to streams include the effects of watershed physical characteristics including precipitation, soil permeability, and topography. The model also estimates the first-order decay of nutrients during the transport of point and nonpoint sources through a digital stream network of nearly one million kilometers and 60,000 reaches. These decay rates reflect time-of-travel estimates from field studies and the residence time of water in major reservoirs. Through application of the model to unmonitored reaches, we estimate the quantities of point and nonpoint source nutrients delivered to the Gulf from several interior watersheds of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Basins, including the Missouri, Arkansas, Upper Mississippi, and Ohio River Basins. All model predictions are accompanied by estimates of statistical error. This document is in PDF format.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 258 |
| Release | : 2011-09-26 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 0309210828 |
The Chesapeake Bay is North America's largest and most biologically diverse estuary, as well as an important commercial and recreational resource. However, excessive amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment from human activities and land development have disrupted the ecosystem, causing harmful algae blooms, degraded habitats, and diminished populations of many species of fish and shellfish. In 1983, the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) was established, based on a cooperative partnership among the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the state of Maryland, and the commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and the District of Columbia, to address the extent, complexity, and sources of pollutants entering the Bay. In 2008, the CBP launched a series of initiatives to increase the transparency of the program and heighten its accountability and in 2009 an executive order injected new energy into the restoration. In addition, as part of the effect to improve the pace of progress and increase accountability in the Bay restoration, a two-year milestone strategy was introduced aimed at reducing overall pollution in the Bay by focusing on incremental, short-term commitments from each of the Bay jurisdictions. The National Research Council (NRC) established the Committee on the Evaluation of Chesapeake Bay Program Implementation for Nutrient Reduction in Improve Water Quality in 2009 in response to a request from the EPA. The committee was charged to assess the framework used by the states and the CBP for tracking nutrient and sediment control practices that are implemented in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and to evaluate the two-year milestone strategy. The committee was also to assess existing adaptive management strategies and to recommend improvements that could help CBP to meet its nutrient and sediment reduction goals. The committee did not attempt to identify every possible strategy that could be implemented but instead focused on approaches that are not being implemented to their full potential or that may have substantial, unrealized potential in the Bay watershed. Because many of these strategies have policy or societal implications that could not be fully evaluated by the committee, the strategies are not prioritized but are offered to encourage further consideration and exploration among the CBP partners and stakeholders.
| Author | : Geological Survey |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 1080 |
| Release | : 2019-01-31 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9781411342316 |
This volume, covering metals and minerals, contains chapters on approximately 90 commodities. In addition, this volume has chapters on mining and quarrying trends and on statistical surveying methods used by Minerals Information, plus a statistical summary.
| Author | : Scott W. Ator |
| Publisher | : Geological Survey (USGS) |
| Total Pages | : 27 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Chesapeake Bay Watershed |
| ISBN | : 9781411332621 |
Spatially Referenced Regression on Watershed Attributes (SPARROW) was used to provide empirical estimates of the sources, fate, and transport of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and the mean annual TN and TP flux to the bay and in each of 80,579 nontidal tributary stream reaches. Restoration efforts in recent decades have been insufficient to meet established standards for water quality and ecological conditions in Chesapeake Bay. The bay watershed includes 166,000 square kilometers of mixed land uses, multiple nutrient sources, and variable hydrogeologic, soil, and weather conditions, and bay restoration is complicated by the multitude of nutrient sources and complex interacting factors affecting the occurrence, fate, and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus from source areas to streams and the estuary. Effective and efficient nutrient management at the regional scale in support of Chesapeake Bay restoration requires a comprehensive understanding of the sources, fate, and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed, which is only available through regional models. The current models, Chesapeake Bay nutrient SPARROW models, version 4 (CBTN_v4 and CBTP_v4), were constructed at a finer spatial resolution than previous SPARROW models for the Chesapeake Bay watershed (versions 1, 2, and 3), and include an updated timeframe and modified sources and other explantory terms.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 532 |
| Release | : 1985 |
| Genre | : Agricultural pollution |
| ISBN | : |
