National Income and Living Standards
Author | : Petŭr D. Bakŭrdzhiev |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 56 |
Release | : 1974 |
Genre | : Cost and standard of living |
ISBN | : |
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Author | : Petŭr D. Bakŭrdzhiev |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 56 |
Release | : 1974 |
Genre | : Cost and standard of living |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Francesco Grigoli |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 21 |
Release | : 2012-07-01 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1475505302 |
It is generally acknowledged that the government’s output is difficult to define and its value is hard to measure. The practical solution, adopted by national accounts systems, is to equate output to input costs. However, several studies estimate significant inefficiencies in government activities (i.e., same output could be achieved with less inputs), implying that inputs are not a good approximation for outputs. If taken seriously, the next logical step is to purge from GDP the fraction of government inputs that is wasted. As differences in the quality of the public sector have a direct impact on citizens’ effective consumption of public and private goods and services, we must take them into account when computing a measure of living standards. We illustrate such a correction computing corrected per capita GDPs on the basis of two studies that estimate efficiency scores for several dimensions of government activities. We show that the correction could be significant, and rankings of living standards could be re-ordered as a result.
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 1970 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Author | : J.O.N. Perkins |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 226 |
Release | : 1988-07-26 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1349193402 |
As well as providing a history of economic statistics, the book includes contributions by economists from a number of countries, applying economic statistics to the past and to current economic issues.
Author | : Pierre Kende |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Daniel T. Slesnick |
Publisher | : American Enterprise Institute |
Total Pages | : 76 |
Release | : 2000 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 9780844771427 |
Over the course of nearly every national presidential campaign we are asked whether we are better off than we were four years ago. The question is almost always rhetorical. But many economists have attempted to address the standard-of-living issue objectively, and, for the most part, their findings paint a bleak picture. In Living Standards in the United States, Daniel T. Slesnick demonstrates that this pessimistic view of social welfare in the United States is unwarranted. The erroneous conclusions arise from the income-based methods used by the Bureau of the Census and others to measure welfare; a more accurate assessment is based on what families consume. Examining the two practices and highlighting the advantages of the consumption-based approach, Slesnick questions the case for changes in politics that are predicated on a declining or stagnant standard of living.
Author | : Ibrahim Sirkeci |
Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
Total Pages | : 471 |
Release | : 2012-05-30 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 0821388266 |
During the 2008 financial crisis, the possible changes in remittance-sending behavior and potential avenues to alleviate a probable decline in remittance flows became concerns. This book brings together a wide array of studies from around the world focusing on the recent trends in remittance flows. The authors have gathered a select group of researchers from academic, practitioner and policy making bodies. Thus the book can be seen as a conversation between the different stakeholders involved in or affected by remittance flows globally. The book is a first-of-its-kind attempt to analyze the effects of an ongoing crisis on remittance flows globally. Data analyzed by the book reveals three trends. First, The more diversified the destinations and the labour markets for migrants the more resilient are the remittances sent by migrants. Second, the lower the barriers to labor mobility, the stronger the link between remittances and economic cycles in that corridor. And third, as remittances proved to be relatively resilient in comparison to private capital flows, many remittance-dependent countries became even more dependent on remittance inflows for meeting external financing needs. There are several reasons for migration and remittances to be relatively resilient to the crisis. First, remittances are sent by the stock (cumulative flows) of migrants, not only by the recent arrivals (in fact, recent arrivals often do not remit as regularly as they must establish themselves in their new homes). Second, contrary to expectations, return migration did not take place as expected even as the financial crisis reduced employment opportunities in the US and Europe. Third, in addition to the persistence of migrant stocks that lent persistence to remittance flows, existing migrants often absorbed income shocks and continued to send money home. Fourth, if some migrants did return or had the intention to return, they tended to take their savings back to their country of origin. Finally, exchange rate movements during the crisis caused unexpected changes in remittance behavior: as local currencies of many remittance recipient countries depreciated sharply against the US dollar, they produced a “sale” effect on remittance behavior of migrants in the US and other destination countries.
Author | : National Research Council |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 262 |
Release | : 1999-06-28 |
Genre | : Political Science |
ISBN | : 0309173388 |
In order to really see the forest, what's the best way to count the trees? Understanding how the economy interacts with the environment has important implications for policy, regulatory, and business decisions. How should our national economic accounts recognize the increasing interest in and importance of the environment? Nature's Numbers responds to concerns about how the United States should make these measurements. The book recommends how to incorporate environmental and other non-market measures into the nation's income and product accounts. The panel explores alternative approaches to environmental accounting, including those used in other countries, and addresses thorny issues such as how to measure the stocks of natural resources and how to value non-market activities and assets. Specific applications to subsoil minerals, forests, and clean air show how the general principles can be applied. The analysis and insights provided in this book will be of interest to economists, policymakers, environmental advocates, economics faculty, businesses based on natural resources, and managers concerned with the role of the environment in our economic affairs.
Author | : Richard Samans |
Publisher | : Springer Nature |
Total Pages | : 383 |
Release | : 2023-12-02 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 3031374355 |
This open access book examines the chronic underperformance of economies with respect to inclusion, sustainability and resilience. It finds that the standard liberal economic growth and development model has evolved over the past century in a fundamentally unbalanced manner that underemphasizes the crucial role of institutions – legal norms, policy incentives and public administrative capacities – in translating market-based growth in the production of goods and services into broad and sustainable gains in social welfare at the household level. Correcting this imbalance of emphasis in economic theory and policy between markets and institutions, production and distribution, and national income and household living standards is the single most important step required to transcend 20th century trickle-down “neoliberalism” and replace it with a more human-centred model of economic progress in the 21st century. The book breaks new ground by integrating the principal institutional dimensions of the social contract into the heart of macroeconomic theory and presenting extensive corresponding reforms of domestic and international economic policy to refocus them on the median living standards, rather than primarily aggregate wealth or GDP, of nations. This is the bottom-line measure of national economic performance, and it depends on the strength of both markets of exchange and institutions in such areas as labour and social protection, financial and corporate governance, competition and rents, anti-corruption, infrastructure and basic necessities, environmental protection, education and skilling, etc. Extensive comparative data are presented demonstrating that countries at every level of economic development have ample policy space to narrow their “welfare gaps” – their underperformance on these and other key aspects of household living standards relative to the frontier of leading policy practice in peer countries.
Author | : National Council on Economic Education |
Publisher | : Council for Economic Educat |
Total Pages | : 122 |
Release | : 1997 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 9781561834334 |
This essential guide for curriculum developers, administrators, teachers, and education and economics professors, the standards were developed to provide a framework and benchmarks for the teaching of economics to our nation's children.