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| Author | : Jack A. Rall |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 480 |
| Release | : 2014-10-21 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1493920073 |
Download Mechanism of Muscular Contraction Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book describes the evolution of ideas relating to the mechanism of muscular contraction since the discovery of sliding filaments in 1954. An amazing variety of experimental techniques have been employed to investigate the mechanism of muscular contraction and relaxation. Some background of these various techniques is presented in order to gain a fuller appreciation of their strengths and weaknesses. Controversies in the muscle field are discussed along with some missed opportunities and false trails. The pathway to ATP and the high energy phosphate bond will be discussed, as well as the discovery of myosin, contraction coupling and the emergence of cell and molecular biology in the muscle field. Numerous figures from original papers are also included for readers to see the data that led to important conclusions. This book is published on behalf of the American Physiological Society by Springer. Access to APS books published with Springer is free to APS members.
| Author | : John Squire |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 704 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1461331838 |
Download The Structural Basis of Muscular Contraction Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Muscular contraction provides one of the most fascinating topics for a biophysicist to study. Although muscle comprises a molecular machine whereby chemical energy is converted to mechanical work, its action in producing force is something that is readily observable in everyday life, a feature that does not apply to most other structures of biophysical inter est. In addition, muscle is so beautifully organized at the microscopic level that those important structural probes, electron microscopy (with the associated image analysis methods) and X-ray diffraction, have pro vided a wealth of information about the arrangements of the constituent proteins in a variety of muscle types. But, despite all this, the answer to the question "How does muscle work?" is still uncertain, especially with regard to the molecular events by which force is actually generated, and the question remains one of the major unsolved problems in biology. With this problem in mind, this book has been written to collect together the available evidence on the structures of the muscle fila ments and on their arrangements in different muscle cells, to extract the common structural features of these cells, and thus to attempt to define a possible series of mechanical steps that will describe at molecular resolu tion the process by which force is generated. The book cannot be considered to be an introductory text; in fact, it presents a very detailed account of muscle structure as gleaned mainly from electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
| Author | : J. Gordon Betts |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2013-04-25 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781947172807 |
Download Anatomy and Physiology Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
| Author | : David Aitchison Smith |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 426 |
| Release | : 2019-02-05 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3030035263 |
Download The Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Understanding the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction started with the discovery that striated muscle is composed of interdigitating filaments which slide against each other. Sliding filaments and the working-stroke mechanism provide the framework for individual myosin motors to act in parallel, generating tension and loaded shortening with an efficient use of chemical energy. Our knowledge of this exquisitely structured molecular machine has exploded in the last four decades, thanks to a bewildering array of techniques for studying intact muscle, muscle fibres, myofibrils and single myosin molecules. After reviewing the mechanical and biochemical background, this monograph shows how old and new experimental discoveries can be modelled, interpreted and incorporated into a coherent mathematical theory of contractility at the molecular level. The theory is applied to steady-state and transient phenomena in muscle fibres, wing-beat oscillations in insect flight muscle, motility assays and single-molecule experiments with optical trapping. Such a synthesis addresses major issues, most notably whether a single myosin motor is driven by a working stroke or a ratchet mechanism, how the working stroke is coupled to phosphate release, and whether one cycle of attachment is driven by the hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP. Ways in which the theory can be extended are explored in appendices. A separate theory is required for the cooperative regulation of muscle by calcium via tropomyosin and troponin on actin filaments. The book reviews the evolution of models for actin-based regulation, culminating in a model motivated by cryo-EM studies where tropomyosin protomers are linked to form a continuous flexible chain. It also explores muscle behaviour as a function of calcium level, including emergent phenomena such as spontaneous oscillatory contractions and direct myosin regulation by its regulatory light chains. Contraction models can be extended to all levels of calcium-activation by embedding them in a cooperative theory of thin-filament regulation, and a method for achieving this grand synthesis is proposed. Dr. David Aitchison Smith is a theoretical physicist with thirty years of research experience in modelling muscle contractility, in collaboration with experimental groups in different laboratories.
| Author | : Andreas Rummel |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2015-01-29 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9783642448898 |
Download Botulinum Neurotoxins Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The extremely potent substance botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has attracted much interest in diverse fields. Originally identified as cause for the rare but deadly disease botulism, military and terrorist intended to misuse this sophisticated molecule as biological weapon. This caused its classification as select agent category A by the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention and the listing in the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. Later, the civilian use of BoNT as long acting peripheral muscle relaxant has turned this molecule into an indispensable pharmaceutical world wide with annual revenues >$1.5 billion. Also basic scientists value the botulinum neurotoxin as molecular tool for dissecting mechanisms of exocytosis. This book will cover the most recent molecular details of botulinum neurotoxin, its mechanism of action as well as its detection and application.
| Author | : Robert Malcolm Simmons |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 318 |
| Release | : 1992-06-26 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780521417747 |
Download Muscular Contraction Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Composed of a set of chapters contributed by past and present collaborators of the Nobel laureate Sir Andrew Huxley, this book covers the areas of muscle research to which Huxley made major contributions. The purpose of the book is to discuss the way that muscles work, asking questions at a fundamental level about the molecular basis of muscle tone production and muscle contraction. The majority of the chapters are concerned with muscle physiology and the relation between structure and function. The process of activation of muscles is discussed, along with the mechanism of contraction itself. Although most of the book deals with vertebrate skeletal muscle, several chapters cover cardiac muscle. Also featured are two chapters discussing Sir Andrew's achievements in both nerve and muscle physiology.
| Author | : Ronald J. Korthuis |
| Publisher | : Morgan & Claypool Publishers |
| Total Pages | : 147 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1615041834 |
Download Skeletal Muscle Circulation Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The aim of this treatise is to summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms for blood flow control to skeletal muscle under resting conditions, how perfusion is elevated (exercise hyperemia) to meet the increased demand for oxygen and other substrates during exercise, mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on cardiovascular health, the regulation of transcapillary fluid filtration and protein flux across the microvascular exchange vessels, and the role of changes in the skeletal muscle circulation in pathologic states. Skeletal muscle is unique among organs in that its blood flow can change over a remarkably large range. Compared to blood flow at rest, muscle blood flow can increase by more than 20-fold on average during intense exercise, while perfusion of certain individual white muscles or portions of those muscles can increase by as much as 80-fold. This is compared to maximal increases of 4- to 6-fold in the coronary circulation during exercise. These increases in muscle perfusion are required to meet the enormous demands for oxygen and nutrients by the active muscles. Because of its large mass and the fact that skeletal muscles receive 25% of the cardiac output at rest, sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction in vessels supplying this tissue allows central hemodynamic variables (e.g., blood pressure) to be spared during stresses such as hypovolemic shock. Sympathetic vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle in such pathologic conditions also effectively shunts blood flow away from muscles to tissues that are more sensitive to reductions in their blood supply that might otherwise occur. Again, because of its large mass and percentage of cardiac output directed to skeletal muscle, alterations in blood vessel structure and function with chronic disease (e.g., hypertension) contribute significantly to the pathology of such disorders. Alterations in skeletal muscle vascular resistance and/or in the exchange properties of this vascular bed also modify transcapillary fluid filtration and solute movement across the microvascular barrier to influence muscle function and contribute to disease pathology. Finally, it is clear that exercise training induces an adaptive transformation to a protected phenotype in the vasculature supplying skeletal muscle and other tissues to promote overall cardiovascular health. Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle and Its Vascular Supply / Regulation of Vascular Tone in Skeletal Muscle / Exercise Hyperemia and Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation During Muscular Activity / Microvascular Fluid and Solute Exchange in Skeletal Muscle / Skeletal Muscle Circulation in Aging and Disease States: Protective Effects of Exercise / References
| Author | : John Farquhar Fulton |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 672 |
| Release | : 1926 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : |
Download Muscular Contraction and the Reflex Control of Movement Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book includes a valuable and extensive bibliography with historical introduction on pages 3-44. It is a detailed study of the physiology of skeletal muscle.
| Author | : John R. Little |
| Publisher | : McGraw Hill Professional |
| Total Pages | : 246 |
| Release | : 2004 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9780071423953 |
Download Max Contraction Training Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The breakthrough new fitness program for readers who want big gains in little time. "The Max Contraction Training" program maximizes muscle fiber stimulation in the shortest amount of time--leading to faster workouts and more impressive gains.
| Author | : Rassier Dilson J.E |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 360 |
| Release | : 2010-09-08 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1441963669 |
Download Muscle Biophysics Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Muscle contraction has been the focus of scientific investigation for more than two centuries, and major discoveries have changed the field over the years. Early in the twentieth century, Fenn (1924, 1923) showed that the total energy liberated during a contraction (heat + work) was increased when the muscle was allowed to shorten and perform work. The result implied that chemical reactions during contractions were load-dependent. The observation underlying the “Fenn effect” was taken to a greater extent when Hill (1938) published a pivotal study showing in details the relation between heat production and the amount of muscle shortening, providing investigators with the force-velocity relation for skeletal muscles. Subsequently, two papers paved the way for the current paradigm in the field of muscle contraction. Huxley and Niedergerke (1954), and Huxley and Hanson (1954) showed that the width of the A-bands did not change during muscle stretch or activation. Contraction, previously believed to be caused by shortening of muscle filaments, was associated with sliding of the thick and thin filaments. These studies were followed by the classic paper by Huxley (1957), in which he conceptualized for the first time the cross-bridge theory; filament sliding was driven by the cyclical interactions of myosin heads (cross-bridges) with actin. The original cross-bridge theory has been revised over the years but the basic features have remained mostly intact. It now influences studies performed with molecular motors responsible for tasks as diverse as muscle contraction, cell division and vesicle transport.
