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Monetary Policy in Brazil

Monetary Policy in Brazil
Author: Matthias Beer
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Total Pages: 17
Release: 2013-09-11
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3656495424

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Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Economics - Case Scenarios, grade: 1.7, University of applied sciences, Munich, course: MBA, language: English, abstract: Executive Summary: Brazil is the largest country in South America with the highest population. Since 2003, Brazil has improved its macroeconomic stability and built-up foreign re-serves. They have further reduced debt and managed to keep inflation rates under control while committing to fiscal responsibilities. Nevertheless, back in history, from the 1960s to 1990s the country was struggling with continuously high inflation rates until Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the minister of finance and later president of Brazil, introduced the “Plano Real” 1st of March 1994. The assignment describes the financial history of Brazil between the 1960s and 2000 in brief by giving some numbers about inflation rates and highlighting po-tential reasons for the long period and high rates. The work describes further on the stabilization efforts in the 1990s in Brazil by introducing the “Plano Real”, explaining the idea of introducing the Unidade Real de Valor, a parallel, virtual and relative currency to the Cruzeiro Real. In the third chapter the economical relation between money supply and inflation is explained by the quantity theory of money and an alternative to express inflation, the quantity equation, is given. The last part of the essay explains the classical dichotomy in economics in gen-eral and analyses the economical data of Brazil for the 1990s in this regards. The assignment is concluded by the ITM checklist.


Political Economy of Brazil

Political Economy of Brazil
Author: P. Arestis
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 236
Release: 2007-11-08
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0230390102

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This book assesses the performance of the first Lula government (2002-06) from different perspectives including economics, politics, history and social policy. While the focus is on Brazil, it also refers to the experiences of similar countries both for comparative purposes and for evidence of the success or otherwise of this 'new' era for Brazil.


Statecrafting Monetary Authority

Statecrafting Monetary Authority
Author: Lourdes Sola
Publisher: Centre for Brazilian Studies
Total Pages: 400
Release: 2006
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN:

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Banking and finance are often studied as specialized domains, governed by their own esoteric rules and concepts, and best cordoned off from broader comparative, historical and political considerations. This book develops an alternative approach. It focuses on the recent, strikingly deviant, experience of Brazil but goes well beyond that single case. It assesses financial sector reform and the consolidation of legitimate monetary authority in an era of globalization and democratization, and advocates the adoption of a holistic and contextualized perspective. It explores the cumulative potential of an incremental 'statecrafting' approach, in contrast to recently fashionable technical 'fixes' such as the idea that central bank independence provides a reliable and universal remedy for all monetary ills.


Brazil

Brazil
Author: International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 159
Release: 2016-11-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1475553226

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This paper assesses the importance of financial market developments for the business cycle in Brazil. The results underscore the importance of macro-financial linkages and highlight risks to the recovery going forward. Although some of the rise in credit growth in Brazil can be attributed to financial deepening and rising income levels, it may have implications for economic activity going forward. Cross-country evidence suggests that periods of easy financial conditions can amplify economic fluctuations and possibly lead to adverse economic outcomes. To explore the nexus between the financial cycle and business cycle, cycles are estimated using a variety of commonly-used statistical methods and with a small, semi-structural model of the Brazilian economy. An advantage of using the model-based approach is that financial and business cycles can be jointly estimated, allowing information from all key economic relationships to be used in a consistent way. Financial sector developments are found to be an important source of macroeconomic fluctuations. Financial accelerator models highlight the role of credit and asset prices in shaping the business cycle.


A Monetary and Fiscal History of Latin America, 1960–2017

A Monetary and Fiscal History of Latin America, 1960–2017
Author: Timothy J. Kehoe
Publisher: U of Minnesota Press
Total Pages: 643
Release: 2022-01-11
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1452965846

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A major, new, and comprehensive look at six decades of macroeconomic policies across the region What went wrong with the economic development of Latin America over the past half-century? Along with periods of poor economic performance, the region’s countries have been plagued by a wide variety of economic crises. This major new work brings together dozens of leading economists to explore the economic performance of the ten largest countries in South America and of Mexico. Together they advance the fundamental hypothesis that, despite different manifestations, these crises all have been the result of poorly designed or poorly implemented fiscal and monetary policies. Each country is treated in its own section of the book, with a lead chapter presenting a comprehensive database of the country’s fiscal, monetary, and economic data from 1960 to 2017. The chapters are drawn from one-day academic conferences—hosted in all but one case, in the focus country—with participants including noted economists and former leading policy makers. Cowritten with Nobel Prize winner Thomas J. Sargent, the editors’ introduction provides a conceptual framework for analyzing fiscal and monetary policy in countries around the world, particularly those less developed. A final chapter draws conclusions and suggests directions for further research. A vital resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of economics and for economic researchers and policy makers, A Monetary and Fiscal History of Latin America, 1960–2017 goes further than any book in stressing both the singularities and the similarities of the economic histories of Latin America’s largest countries. Contributors: Mark Aguiar, Princeton U; Fernando Alvarez, U of Chicago; Manuel Amador, U of Minnesota; Joao Ayres, Inter-American Development Bank; Saki Bigio, UCLA; Luigi Bocola, Stanford U; Francisco J. Buera, Washington U, St. Louis; Guillermo Calvo, Columbia U; Rodrigo Caputo, U of Santiago; Roberto Chang, Rutgers U; Carlos Javier Charotti, Central Bank of Paraguay; Simón Cueva, TNK Economics; Julián P. Díaz, Loyola U Chicago; Sebastian Edwards, UCLA; Carlos Esquivel, Rutgers U; Eduardo Fernández Arias, Peking U; Carlos Fernández Valdovinos (former Central Bank of Paraguay); Arturo José Galindo, Banco de la República, Colombia; Márcio Garcia, PUC-Rio; Felipe González Soley, U of Southampton; Diogo Guillen, PUC-Rio; Lars Peter Hansen, U of Chicago; Patrick Kehoe, Stanford U; Carlos Gustavo Machicado Salas, Bolivian Catholic U; Joaquín Marandino, U Torcuato Di Tella; Alberto Martin, U Pompeu Fabra; Cesar Martinelli, George Mason U; Felipe Meza, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México; Pablo Andrés Neumeyer, U Torcuato Di Tella; Gabriel Oddone, U de la República; Daniel Osorio, Banco de la República; José Peres Cajías, U of Barcelona; David Perez-Reyna, U de los Andes; Fabrizio Perri, Minneapolis Fed; Andrew Powell, Inter-American Development Bank; Diego Restuccia, U of Toronto; Diego Saravia, U de los Andes; Thomas J. Sargent, New York U; José A. Scheinkman, Columbia U; Teresa Ter-Minassian (formerly IMF); Marco Vega, Pontificia U Católica del Perú; Carlos Végh, Johns Hopkins U; François R. Velde, Chicago Fed; Alejandro Werner, IMF.


Brazil

Brazil
Author: Mr.Antonio Spilimbergo
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 382
Release: 2019-03-14
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1484339746

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Brazil is at crossroads, emerging slowly from a historic recession that was preceded by a huge economic boom. Reasons for the historic bust following a boom are manifold. Policy mistakes were an important contributory factor, and included the pursuit of countercyclical policies, introduced to deal with the effects of the global financial crisis, beyond the point where they were helpful. More fundamentally, it reflects longstanding structural weaknesses plaguing the economy, that also help explain Brazil’s uninspiring growth performance over the past four decades.


Normalization of Global Financial Conditions

Normalization of Global Financial Conditions
Author: Mr.Troy Matheson
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 15
Release: 2015-09-03
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1513588117

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Global financial conditions are poised to tighten further as the global recovery proceeds. While monetary policy normalization should be a healthy global development as growth continues to recover in advanced economies, financial spillovers seen during the taper episode—which started with the announcement in May 2013 of possible tapering of U.S. asset purchases—hint at potential challenges for Brazil. The Fed’s communications related to normalization have improved significantly since the taper episode and, at present, a rise in Fed Funds rate in 2015 is widely anticipated by markets—arguably the most widely anticipated tightening of monetary policy in history. While Brazil could benefit from tighter global financial conditions associated with improved global prospects, bouts of heightened uncertainty about the future course of monetary policy cannot be ruled out. Thus, the correct diagnosis of the underlying reasons behind tighter global financial conditions remains crucially important for Brazil. Adverse spillovers can be mitigated by strengthening policy frameworks and fundamentals.


Inflation Targeting, Debt, and the Brazilian Experience, 1999 to 2003

Inflation Targeting, Debt, and the Brazilian Experience, 1999 to 2003
Author: Francesco Giavazzi
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 330
Release: 2005
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780262072595

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How Brazil's monetary and fiscal policies survived a series of severe economic shocks and the policy lessons for other countries. Inflation targeting -- when central bank policies set specific inflation rate objectives -- is widely used by both developed and developing countries around the world (although not by the United States or the European Central Bank). This collection of original essays looks at how Brazil's policy of inflation targeting, coupled with a floating exchange rate, survived a series of severe economic shocks and examines the policy lessons that can be drawn from Brazil's experience. After a successful start in early 1999, Brazil's policy regime had to manage mounting difficulties, including a sudden reversal of capital flows and its effects on the exchange rate and public debt, the contagion of Argentina's severe economic problems, a domestic energy crisis, and the political uncertainty of the 2002 presidential campaign. The contributors, prominent Brazilian and international economists, draw important lessons from Brazil's experience, including the necessity of accompanying monetary policy with fiscal improvement, the trade-offs involved in dollar-linked debt, the importance of fiscal institutions in an emerging market economy, and the importance of keeping inflation under control.


Monetary Policy Regimes in Brazil

Monetary Policy Regimes in Brazil
Author: Elcyon Caiado Rocha Lima
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

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This article estimates the monetary policy rule followed by the Brazilian Central Bank for setting its main policy instrument, the SELIC rate, for the period after the Real Plan. In order to overcome the uncertainty over the dates at which changes in parameters occurred, this paper uses regime-dependent-switching probabilities according to a hidden Markov chain to model possible deviations from a simple linear reaction function. From July 1996 to January 2006 the Brazilian monetary policy can be fully characterized by four policy regimes. The changes in monetary policy in this period are best described by recurring regime changes, instead of once-and-for-all shifts. We have identified substantial differences in the way monetary policy was conducted in the subperiods before and after 1999, when the Brazilian exchange rate policy regime changed from crawling peg to free-floating. At each of these subperiods there are two recurring regimes and the two regimes of one subperiod differ from the two regimes of the other.