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| Author | : Ronald Irvin Thomson |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 518 |
| Release | : 2007 |
| Genre | : English language |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Wenhui Zhu |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 143 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : Chinese language |
| ISBN | : |
This thesis investigates the perception and production of Mandarin high and mid vowels: [i], [u], [y], [ɤ], [ɹ̪] and [ɻ] in dental, retroflex and palatal fricative and affricate contexts by adult NZE native-speakers. It is found that factors, such as L1 transfer, L2 experience and markedness all influence the perception and production of target Mandarin vowels by learners. The perceptual categorization of target vowels is assessed with a cross-language perceptual mapping task by 11 naïve speakers of NZE; the perceptual identification and discrimination of target vowels are examined with an identification task completed by 19 learners with medium or low Mandarin experience. The results of the two tasks indicate that the way two Mandarin vowels are categorized into NZE vowels determines the perceptual discrimination between the two Mandarin vowels by learners exactly as the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) (Best, 1995; Best & Tyler, 2007) predicts. Mandarin [i] is assimilated as a good instance to the NZE category /i/, while Mandarin [y] and [u] are both assimilated as only fair instances to the NZE category /u/. This leads to a high level of inaccuracy in discrimination by learners for the Mandarin contrast [u]-[y], but not for [i]-[u] or [i]-[y]. The three mid vowels [ɤ], [ɹ̪] and [ɻ] are not categorized into any NZE vowel category, the discriminations between two uncategorized vowels [ɤ] and [ɹ̪], [ɤ] and [ɻ] are difficult, but learners can easily discriminate [ɹ̪] from [ɻ]. This is probably because [ɹ̪] and [ɻ] are in complementary distribution and their preceding consonants may provide additional clues for learners to tell them apart. L2 experience plays a significant role in the perceptual identification accuracy for vowels [y], [u], [ɤ] but not for [i] as the Speech Learning Model (SLM) (Flege, 1995) predicts. SLM proposes that L2 experience has a more obvious effect on L2 sounds which are perceptually less similar to L1 sounds than L2 sounds which are perceptually more similar to L1 sounds. Vowels [y], [u], [ɤ] with at best a fair fit are less similar vowels in SLM, [i] with a good fit is a more similar vowel in SLM. However, language experience does not play a significant role in the perception of the less similar vowels [ɹ̪] and [ɻ]. This can be explained by the high markedness of these two phones which delay the influence of L2 experience. The production of Mandarin vowels is assessed with interpretations by NS judges and an acoustic analysis. The interpretation indicates there is no significant difference in the production of target vowels by learners with more or less experience, however the acoustic analysis shows there are statistically significant acoustic differences in the production of all target vowels by learners with more or less experience of Mandarin; with the production by more advanced learners being closer to Native speaker targets. Although there is a significant correlation between the overall perception and production for all target vowels and all learners, there is no consistent and statistically significant relationship between the perception and production of each target vowel and each learner.
| Author | : Ratree Wayland |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 537 |
| Release | : 2021-02-04 |
| Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
| ISBN | : 1108882366 |
Including contributions from a team of world-renowned international scholars, this volume is a state-of-the-art survey of second language speech research, showcasing new empirical studies alongside critical reviews of existing influential speech learning models. It presents a revised version of Flege's Speech Learning Model (SLM-r) for the first time, an update on a cornerstone of second language research. Chapters are grouped into five thematic areas: theoretical progress, segmental acquisition, acquiring suprasegmental features, accentedness and acoustic features, and cognitive and psychological variables. Every chapter provides new empirical evidence, offering new insights as well as challenges on aspects of the second language speech acquisition process. Comprehensive in its coverage, this book summarises the state of current research in second language phonology, and aims to shape and inspire future research in the field. It is an essential resource for academic researchers and students of second language acquisition, applied linguistics and phonetics and phonology.
| Author | : Geoffrey Stewart Morrison |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 284 |
| Release | : 2012-12-14 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 3642142095 |
It has been traditional in phonetic research to characterize monophthongs using a set of static formant frequencies, i.e., formant frequencies taken from a single time-point in the vowel or averaged over the time-course of the vowel. However, over the last twenty years a growing body of research has demonstrated that, at least for a number of dialects of North American English, vowels which are traditionally described as monophthongs often have substantial spectral change. Vowel inherent spectral change has been observed in speakers’ productions, and has also been found to have a substantial effect on listeners’ perception. In terms of acoustics, the traditional categorical distinction between monophthongs and diphthongs can be replaced by a gradient description of dynamic spectral patterns. This book includes chapters addressing various aspects of vowel inherent spectral change (VISC), including theoretical and experimental studies of the perceptually relevant aspects of VISC, the relationship between articulation (vocal-tract trajectories) and VISC, historical changes related VISC, cross-dialect, cross-language, and cross-age-group comparisons of VISC, the effects of VISC on second-language speech learning, and the use of VISC in forensic voice comparison.
| Author | : John M. Levis |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 356 |
| Release | : 2022-03-29 |
| Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
| ISBN | : 1119801575 |
Practical resources designed to help language educators apply the latest research and most effective pedagogical methods to classroom pronunciation instruction In Second Language Pronunciation: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Teaching, a team of distinguished researchers and educators delivers an incisive and practical approach to evidence-based pronunciation instruction in second language classrooms. Developed for language teachers who want to incorporate and implement the most effective pedagogical methods in their language instruction, this edited volume offers 15 essays that connect the latest research with practical applications in the classroom. In addition to exploring recent but less well-known methods—like High Variability Phonetic Training, discourse-based teaching, communicative classrooms, and technology-based methods—these chapters are unified in bringing theory to bear on practical questions faced by language teachers. The chapters follow a standard format, moving from critical research issues to pedagogical implications, and practical resources to equip language teachers, scholars, administrators, and teachers-in-training with the tools they require to develop their students’ pronunciation abilities. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to using empirical evidence to guide pronunciation instruction in second language students Comprehensive explorations of the integration of pronunciation instruction into second language education Practical discussions of perception training in pronunciation instruction and the importance of L2 segmental and suprasegmental contrasts in pronunciation learning In-depth examinations of classroom research for pronunciation and the use of technology to explore L2 pronunciation Perfect for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students studying TESOL, applied linguistics, and second language acquisition, Second Language Pronunciation: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Teaching will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers, scholars, and teachers of language and education.
| Author | : Haisheng Jiang |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 286 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : Bilingualism |
| ISBN | : |
This research examines the effect of L2 phonetic learning on L1 vowel production. Mandarin-English bilinguals differing in amount of L1 use produced Mandarin and English vowels. An acoustic analysis showed that both the Mandarin-English bilinguals of high L1 use and those of low L1 use deviated from the norm of Mandarin vowel /i/. The Mandarin-English bilinguals of low L1 use who successfully acquired English vowel /aj/ deviated from the norm of Mandarin vowel /aj/, indicating a carry-over effect of L2 vowel on L1 vowel production. In a perception test, Mandarin vowel production by the Mandarin-English bilinguals was presented to Mandarin as well as English listeners for goodness rating. The results showed that both Mandarin-English bilinguals of high L1 use and those of low L1 use differed significantly from Mandarin monolinguals in the production of /y/, a vowel with no counterpart in English. An analysis of inter-speaker variability indicated that some individual Mandarin-English bilinguals, including both speakers of high L1 use and low L1 use, were accented in the production of /y/, /aj/ and /aU/. Possible acoustic properties contributing to their accentedness included lower second formant frequency, larger first or second formant frequency movement, extremely short or long duration, and tone deviation. L2 English learning led to some Mandarin-English bilinguals carrying some English characteristics in their L1 Mandarin vowel production. In a follow-up perception test, the correlation between the ratings assigned to the Mandarin-English bilinguals' production of Mandarin vowel /y/ and the ratings assigned to their production of English vowel /I/ and /E/ was examined. No inverse correlation was revealed, indicating that good L2 vowel production does not necessarily lead to poor L1 vowel production, and vice versa. This research suggests that the L1 phonetic system established in childhood does not remain static; instead, it may undergo reorganization when the L1 and L2 phonetic systems coexisting in a common phonological space interact.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 618 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : Dissertations, Academic |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Robert L. Squizzero |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2022 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Perception of second language (L2) speakers and their speech is known to be influenced both by phonetic and by sociolinguistic factors. The existing body of scholarly research on L2 speech perception, however, is overwhelmingly focused on Indo-European languages, raising doubts about the generalizability of existing sociolinguistic, phonetic, acquisition, and pedagogical theory to other linguistic contexts. This dissertation aims to work towards rectifying this problem through a series of related studies investigating factors affecting the perception of L2 Mandarin Chinese. Chapters 1 and 2 consist of a group of closely related studies investigating the effect of perceived ethnicity on perception of language proficiency - including accentedness - and of speaker personal characteristics. Chapter 1 contains the first known study to establish that there is an effect of perceived ethnicity on perception of personal characteristics of L2 speakers of a non-Indo-European language. Chapter 2 confirms the results of Chapter 1 with a larger and more diverse sample, allowing for an investigation of differences between listeners that may affect perception of speakers. The excursus to Chapter 2 expands on the findings of the main study by providing evidence for mediating and moderating factors of gendered and racialized judgments of L2 Mandarin speakers. Chapter 3 is a phonetic production study of L2 Mandarin consonants and vowels under the influence of L1 English, with careful attention paid to English and Mandarin dialectal variation. In a study analyzing the time-varying properties of vowels using generalized additive mixed models, Chapter 3 demonstrates that five phonemic vowels significantly differ between first language Mandarin speakers and advanced and intermediate L2 Mandarin speakers. Chapter 4 uses speech analyzed in Chapter 3, the procedures used in Chapters 1 and 2, and additional procedures from the intelligibility-comprehensibility-accentedness literature to establish sociolinguistic and phonetic factors interact to influence perception of adult L2 Mandarin Chinese. Together, these studies demonstrate that both beliefs about a speaker’s perceived social group membership and the acoustic properties of speech indeed affect intelligibility, comprehensibility, accentedness, and perceived personal characteristics of L2 Mandarin Chinese speakers.
| Author | : Bei Yang |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 167 |
| Release | : 2015-02-10 |
| Genre | : Foreign Language Study |
| ISBN | : 3662446456 |
Tones are the most challenging aspect of learning Chinese as a second language, and L2 learners’ perceptual categories differ in important and fascinating ways from those of native speakers. This book explores the relationship between tone perception and production among native speakers and non-native learners as illustrated in the experiments the author conducted with native speakers, true learners and heritage learners, all of whom were tested on their ability to produce tones naturally and to perceive 81 synthesized tones in various contexts. The experiments show that each group processes tones differently with regard to both register (tonal level) and contour (tonal shape). The results also reveal how three types of cues – acoustic, psychological and contextual – influence non-native speakers’ tone perception and production.
| Author | : Zhaoru Yu |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This study set out to examine how correctly Mandarin speakers produced and perceived English vowels and to explore the relationship between the production and the perception of English vowels by Mandarin speakers. Fifteen native Mandarin speakers, who had lived in Canada for at least two years and received an IELTS score of 6.5 or above, participated in this study. Fifteen native speakers of Canadian English living in Vancouver at the time of the study also participated as a control group. Two experiments were conducted involving 10 English vowels: /i/, /I/, /?/, /æ/, /?/, /u/, /?/, /?/, /o/, and /?/. In Experiment 1, both the Mandarin speakers and the native English speakers were recorded producing the ten vowels in a /bVt/ syllable in a carrier sentence. The vowels in the recordings were then identified by four native English listeners. In Experiment 2, the Mandarin speakers did an identification test of the vowels produced by the English speakers in Experiment 1. The results showed that Mandarin speakers in this study were able to produce and perceive certain English vowels correctly, but not all of them. The results also indicated that the relationship between the production and perception of English vowels by Mandarin speakers cannot be interpreted in a straightforward way, and that that L2 experience, in terms of length of residence, age of arrival, years of learning, and age when ESL learning starts, might also play an important role in the production and perception of English vowels by Mandarin speakers.
