Mission Oriented R D And The Advancement Of Technology PDF Download

Excerpt from From "Mission-Oriented" To "Diffusion-Oriented" Paradigm: New Trend of U. S. Industrial Technology Policy Mission-oriented policy attempts to generate and exploit radical innovation. Its ideal is to create entirely new industries based on new technologies. So it tends to compete in the early phase of technology life cycle, and emphasize heroic efforts in big science and technology, or major programs. These programs, mostly defense and aerospace-related, are highly sophisticated and normally put more emphasis on performance than on cost. It is expected that, in addition to accomplishing the designated missions, the large-scale, high-end technological achievements can somehow lead to many smaller-scale, 'less than high-end applications. More specifically, through government r&d contracts or procurements of high performance products, the contractors can upgrade technical capabilities, accumulate production experience, and drive down th= cost. They then seek commercial applications. By this spin-off or trickle-down2 process to civilian industry, it is hoped that the government initial costly investment can ultimately be justified. By contrast, diffusion-oriented policy concentrates on acquisition, diffusion and assimilation of technology in industry. It attempts to increase value-added for existing products by improving quality, increasing efficiency or entering niche markets, rather than to create brand new industries. Moreover, especially in Japan, lower cost and lower risk fields are normally first targeted, and then used as stepping stones to accumulate experience and economic profits for competing in the next higher-end products. So incremental innovation is emphasized, and there are few large scale programs initiated by government mission agencies aimed at radical technological advancement. Though moving toward earlier phases oftechnology life cycle is also pursued, the key notion of this policy is to be a smart follower first, instead of a first mover who risks the most. This is so-called trickle - up. It also turned out that, in some fields, notably microelectronics, civilian technology thus cultivated could be largely used for military applications. This is the opposite of spin-off, and may well be called spin-on. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.