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Measures of Auditory Function in Stranded Marine Mammals

Measures of Auditory Function in Stranded Marine Mammals
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Total Pages: 0
Release: 2000
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Computerized tomography (CT and MRI scanning) are powerful tools for imaging inner ear anatomy and pathology in vivo. In humans these imaging techniques are often combined with behavioral and direct physiologic measures of hearing in order to determine hearing status and cause of any loss. Behavioral measures, which consist of simple yes-no replies to a sound stimulus, are possible in trained marine mammals but are not applicable to the large number and diverse species of wild animals that strand and are rehabilitated annually. Physiologic measures, particularly auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), are feasible also for marine mammals. OAE's arise from spontaneous inner ear hair cell and auditory nerve activity and are a well-documented phenomenon in land mammals. In combination with auditory brainstem response (ABR) measures, OAEs can help differentiate central, sensorineural, and conductive losses and both are now common methods for determining ear health in human infants and physically or mentally impaired adults. Human clinical techniques developed in the last five years have significantly reduced test times and enhanced waveform resolutions.

Hearing by Whales and Dolphins

Hearing by Whales and Dolphins
Author: Whitlow W.L. Au
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 499
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1461211506
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Here, experts in different areas of the field provide an overview of the bioacoustics of whales and dolphins as well as a thorough introduction to the subject for investigators of hearing in other animals. Topics covered include the structure and function of cetacean auditory systems, the unique sound production system of odontocetes, acoustic communication, psychoacoustics, echolocation and models of sound propagation.

Basic Hearing and Echolocation Mechanisms of Marine Mammals: Measured Auditory Evoked Potential and Behavioral Experiments FY 2007

Basic Hearing and Echolocation Mechanisms of Marine Mammals: Measured Auditory Evoked Potential and Behavioral Experiments FY 2007
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Total Pages: 8
Release: 2007
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Marine Mammal sensory systems have evolved to effectively use acoustic energy in the oceans. My objectives are to develop a basic understanding of hearing and echolocation so that knowledge can then be applied to the solution of practical problems as they arise. The most basic hearing measurement is the audiogram which is a series of thresholds across frequencies. Of the 85 species of cetaceans we now have audiograms on 14 species. Audiograms on additional cetacean, and other marine mammal, species may be obtained from stranded animals, from animals in captive display situations, and from catch and release scenarios. We intend to obtain as many valid audiograms as possible as we seek new opportunities in new situations. Other hearing measures such as directionality of hearing are also very important and little is known on most marine mammals. These measures will also be obtained whenever possible. Most of our initial audiometric work measured hearing using behavioral responses (Nachtigall et al, 2000). Measures of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) produce the benefit of being obtained rapidly without requiring captivity or lengthy training. Our recent work (Yuen et al, 2005) shows that the two procedures, while not producing exactly the same results, are certainly comparable. So, we intend to continue using AEP measures to measure the hearing of new species and to continue to measure hearing in other situations. Our initial work on temporary threshold shifts (Nachtigall et al 2003, 2004) with exposures up to 50 minutes combined with shorter term exposures led to an equal energy hypothesis in which it was assumed that the amount of TTS was dependent on the amount of energy received relatively independent of the time of exposure. An objective of our recent work (Mooney et al, 2006) has been to examine whether the equal energy hypothesis is valid for short exposure times.

Marine Mammals Ashore

Marine Mammals Ashore
Author: Joseph R. Geraci
Publisher: National Aquarium in Baltimore
Total Pages: 386
Release: 2005
Genre: Marine mammals
ISBN: 0977460908
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Comprehensive manual for understanding and carrying out marine mammal rescue activities for stranded seals, manatees, dolphins, whales, or sea otters.

Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals

Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals
Author: William John Richardson
Publisher:
Total Pages: 488
Release: 1991
Genre: Airplanes
ISBN:
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Pathologic Findings in Stranded Marine Mammals: A Global Perspective

Pathologic Findings in Stranded Marine Mammals: A Global Perspective
Author: Gregory Dana Bossart
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 387
Release: 2022-02-09
Genre: Science
ISBN: 2889743128
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This project is posthumously dedicated to Dr. Gregory Dana Bossart. Whether you knew him as colleague, mentor, friend, family member or simply ‘knew of him’, you could not help but be awestruck by his dedication, intelligence, thoughtfulness, work ethic and passion for scientific inquiry, especially for conservation of the marine environment Many of his publications were seminal in marine mammal health, including infectious, environmental and zoonotic diseases. As we collected manuscripts for this special Frontiers edition, it was heartwarming to hear the comments from contributors. So many research scientists, field biologists and veterinarians could easily have given up and said, ‘I just can’t do this now’, especially with the added challenges posed by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Instead, contributors from around the world were determined to contribute to this collection because of their inspiration and shared commitment with Greg’s vision. The love and admiration within the marine community for Greg is phenomenal. With that said, we would be remiss if we did not say a few words about Greg as a mentor and friend. Greg had a knack for helping students realize their abilities and pursue their own independent contributions to the marine mammal community. He shared in their successes and worked tirelessly to facilitate their aspirations. Greg would involve students, early-career scientists and colleagues in projects, introduce them to collaborators and promote them and their work. Greg was a genuinely caring person. When he asked you ‘how are you doing’, he honestly wanted to know. He was always there, ready to listen and provide guidance. If you were to ask Greg what was most important to him in life, he would say God, family and marine life (and one could argue that he had a special fondness for manatees). He believed in the beauty of nature and that God had a hand in all of it. He was in pursuit of ensuring that we all share this earth responsibly and sustainably. We miss Greg dearly, but honor and celebrate him as we carry on in our pursuits.

Exerimental Measures of Blast and Acoustic Trauma in Marine Mammals

Exerimental Measures of Blast and Acoustic Trauma in Marine Mammals
Author: Darlene Ketten
Publisher:
Total Pages: 6
Release: 1999
Genre:
ISBN:
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Ears are the bell weathers of pressure induced damage. Equally important, they are a crucial sensory system for marine mammals. Although marine mammal ears are similar to those of land mammals, there are also sufficient differences to prevent extrapolation of damage criteria from air adapted ears to marine systems. Therefore, understanding how intense pressures affect marine mammal ears is required in order to properly mitigate effects from man made impulse and explosive devices. Because hearing loss and auditory system trauma from blasts and intense, short term impulsive sources depend essentially upon mechanical responses of ears, some of these effects are inducible and measurable post-mortem. Properly preserved post-mortem ears have been shown to have mechanical properties isomorphic with those of live ears. This project will determine intense pressure effects on marine mammal ears specifically by exposing post-mortem specimens of marine mammals to underwater blast sources and measuring their auditory system mechanical responses in situ.

Standardization of Electrophysiological Measures of Hearing in Marine Mammals

Standardization of Electrophysiological Measures of Hearing in Marine Mammals
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Total Pages: 5
Release: 2004
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The primary goal of this project is to develop the technology and methods required to make quantitative, repeatable, and interpretable measurements of pinniped hearing sensitivity using averaged evoked potentials recorded from the surface of the head. This effort will advance understanding of marine mammal auditory physiology and provide the tools necessary for the study of population-level and species-level hearing so that noise impacts in marine ecosystems can be better understood. The immediate goals of this project are as follows: (1) transfer available technology from ongoing research with cetaceans to establish an appropriate system for recording auditory evoked potentials in pinnipeds, (2) develop protocols for electrode placement and stimulus presentation that result in optimal evoked potential recordings, (3) measure the hearing sensitivity of individuals from multiple pinniped species using evoked potential methodology, (4) benchmark the evoked potential measures of hearing against standard behavioral measurements obtained for the same individuals, and (5) compare both behavioral and physiological hearing measures obtained for pinnipeds with those obtained under similar conditions for dolphins. Development of standardized procedures and technologies for evoked potential audiometry that are suitable for marine mammal species are necessary to achieve the ultimate goals of understanding species-specific population level variations in hearing sensitivity and to move toward the ability to measure the hearing sensitivity of species for which behavioral methodologies are not applicable (e.g., baleen whales, beaked whales, Antarctic seals). Such information is essential to mitigating the effects of anthropogenic noise in the marine environment and furthering scientific knowledge of the role of acoustics in marine mammal biology, behavior, and ecology.