Long Term Effects Of Goal Difficulty And Improvement Goals On Attitudes And Performance PDF Download

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Long-term Effects of Goal Difficulty and Improvement Goals on Attitudes and Performance

Long-term Effects of Goal Difficulty and Improvement Goals on Attitudes and Performance
Author: Megan T. Arens
Publisher:
Total Pages: 112
Release: 2009
Genre: Goal (Psychology)
ISBN:

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Numerous studies have found that assigning specific and difficult goals consistently leads to higher performance than urging people to do their best (Locke & Latham, 2002). However, little research has studied the effects of goal difficulty on performance over repeated trials. In this study, performers were assigned a specific outcome goal attained by 10% of performers (norm-referenced goal, NR), a specific improvement goal attained by only 10% of performers (self-referenced goal, SR), or a do one's best goal. Arguments for specific hypotheses were based in achievement goal, goal commitment, and self-regulation theories (e.g. Grant & Dweck, 2003; Locke & Latham, 1990; Wood & Bandura, 1989). It was hypothesized that these different goal assignments would influence motivational and affective consequences. More specifically, benefits from setting SR goals, compared to NR goals, were expected for performance, persistence, satisfaction, and personal goals. The benefits of possessing SR goals were expected to be strongest for low self-efficacy performers. Results neither supported significant main effects between goal type and performance nor the expected interaction of goal type and self-efficacy. However, participants assigned a NR goal set higher personal goals after all performance trials concluded than those told to do their best, and individuals with high self-efficacy set higher personal goals than those with low self-efficacy. Also, participants told to their best were more satisfied with past performances than those given a SR goal, and participants with high performance levels were more satisfied with past performances.


The Effects of Goal Difficulty on Performance

The Effects of Goal Difficulty on Performance
Author: Andrew C. Stedry
Publisher:
Total Pages: 56
Release: 1964
Genre: Job analysis
ISBN:

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Perceptions of a goal in an area as challenging, easy, and impossible did not produce performance improvement in that order in the area; nor did performance in the other area follow the reverse order. Sample size was insufficient to test the greater effect to two difficult goals on production of impossible perceptions. Support was provided for the proposition that difficult goals perceived as impossible produced poorer performance improvement than goals perceived either as easy or challenging. Further analysis of the data revealed that, had the performance hypotheses been stated in the absence of perception -- i.e., difficult goals will produce either very good or very poor performance relative to normal goals -- confirmation would have been obtained. Futhermore, difficult goals in an area appeared to be associated with extremes in performance when the other area had a difficult goal, but this effect was not observed with a normal goal in the second area. Finally, although perceptions were not successful in predicting performance in one area, the combined performance in the two areas could be represented quite well as a linear function of the goal perceptions in the two areas. (Author).


The Effects of Goal Difficulty on Performance

The Effects of Goal Difficulty on Performance
Author: Andrew C. Stedry
Publisher: Forgotten Books
Total Pages: 64
Release: 2017-11-28
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 9780332089195

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Excerpt from The Effects of Goal Difficulty on Performance: A Field Experiment In spite of the theory and evidence indicating that organizations formulate goals for their activities y and the almost ubiquitous presence of budgets and quotas in organizations to influence behavior, systematic investigation of the effects of goals on behavior is rare. Psychological research on aspiration level has focused on how performance affects the aspiration level determination or how the latter is affected by personality variables or group influences. References will be found in Rotter (19510 and Lewin shag to studies which relate performance in Me; tasks to the aspiration level formation process used on the experimental task. Neither those works nor the more recent summary of Starbuck (1963) appear to indicate specific investigation of the effect of the aspiration level on performance in the same task. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.


The Effects of Goal Difficulty on Performance: A Field Experiment

The Effects of Goal Difficulty on Performance: A Field Experiment
Author: A. Stedry
Publisher: Palala Press
Total Pages: 60
Release: 2018-03-02
Genre: History
ISBN: 9781378967812

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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.


New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance

New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance
Author: Edwin A. Locke
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 690
Release: 2013
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0415885485

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This book concentrates on the last twenty years of research in the area of goal setting and performance at work. The editors and contributors believe goals affect action, and this volume will have a lineup of international contributors who look at the recent theories and implications in this area for IO psychologists and human resource management academics and graduate students.


Same Goal, Different Day

Same Goal, Different Day
Author: James F. Graham
Publisher:
Total Pages: 102
Release: 2012
Genre: Management
ISBN:

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"Goal theory has existed for many years. It has received wide study in academia and has become a large part of practitioner efforts to improve organizational performance. In all cases, goal setting has resulted in better organizational performance than its counter philosophy of "do your best". With the demands on organizations to compete globally and be competitive in an uncertain environment, it has never been more important for organizations to focus their efforts in the most effective way possible. Much research has been devoted to the many aspects of goal theory: self-set versus assigned, hard versus easy, group versus individual. One aspect that has not received much attention has been the effect of past experience on a group or individual's acceptance of the goal and repetitive goal usage. Given the prevalence of repetitive--daily, weekly, monthly, or annual goals--in the workplace, this issue is of critical importance. Using archival production records from a mid-west manufacturing firm, regression analysis was used to test hypotheses for effects of goal difficulty and past experience as well as their interaction on current performance. All models were found to be statistically significant, explaining up to 68% of the variance in current performance. As previously tested and supported in other research, difficult goals are positively associated with task performance. Contrary to previous testing, past experience was not a significant predictor of current performance. While the interaction of goal difficulty and past experience was statistically significant, the result was in a direction opposite to prediction, failing to support the initial hypothesis. These failures are attributed to statistical difficulties in the analysis arising from several factors encountered with the field study and the use of archival data. These included the measuring of goal difficulty, accounting for the use of repetitive goals prior to the period of this study's observation, and the potential effect of streamlined operations through lean manufacturing principles in combination with repetitive goal setting which possibly created a ceiling effect on impact of setting hard goals. These challenges and statistical results are discussed. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are presented."-- Abstract.


The Oxford Handbook of Strategy Implementation

The Oxford Handbook of Strategy Implementation
Author: Michael A. Hitt
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 553
Release: 2017-02-02
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0190664908

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Many strategies fail not because they are improperly formulated but because they are poorly implemented. The Oxford Handbook of Strategy Implementation examines the crucial role of implementation in how business and managerial strategies produce returns. In this wide-ranging collection of essays, leading scholars address governance, resources, human capital, and accounting-based control systems, advancing our understanding of strategy implementation and identifying opportunities for future research on this important process.


Hard Goals : The Secret to Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be

Hard Goals : The Secret to Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be
Author: Mark Murphy
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
Total Pages: 224
Release: 2010-11-12
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780071754231

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“Ever felt like you weren’t reaching your goals as fast as you would like? HARD GoalsK shows you how to change your thinking and get on the path to tremendous achievement!” --Marshall Goldsmith, world-renowned executive coach and author of the New York Times bestsellers MOJO and What Got You Here Won’t Get You There “Hard Goals is full of fascinating insights regarding how to get yourself to achieve things you never thought possible, and Murphy’s key ideas have strong research support. . . . If you want to achieve something great or important in your life, this is the book for you.” —Edwin A. Locke, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland “If you want a mediocre life, set ho-hum goals. If you want a life filled with excellence and meaning, set HARD Goals. This book shows you how to set HARD Goals and love every minute of achieving them. The end result? Winning in life and unparalleled fulfillment.” Lyle Nelson, four-time Olympian and author of Spirit of Champions “Every company has goals these days. So why do most goals fall short? Why do leaders keep setting the same failed goals year after year? HARD Goals gives you the cutting-edge science to engage every employee in pursuing and achieving extraordinary goals. No more procrastination, foot-dragging, or giving up. With HARD Goals, your organization will achieve astonishing results. Every CEO, manager, and employee needs to read this book!” Kevin M. Andrews, President, SmartBen Want to increase sales? Get promoted? Change the world? There’s a goal for that . . . Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos, the school teacher next door who amassed a million-dollar fortune . . . Did these people succeed because they were more motivated or because they were more disciplined? The answer to both questions is yes—but not in the ways you might think. Anyone can achieve extraordinary things. The secret is setting goals that test the very limits of your abilities. In Hard Goals, Mark Murphy, the acclaimed author of Hundred Percenters, explains the science behind getting from where you are to where you want to be in your career, business, and life. Leadership IQ, Murphy’s top-rated leadership training consultancy, studied nearly 5,000 workers from virtually every field and found that extraordinary goals—the kind that got America to the moon and back, developed the iPod, created nanotechnology, and helped individuals overcome tremendous personal adversity—stimulate and engage the brain in ways that are profoundly different from the goals most people set. Research conducted for this book revealed that people who set Hard goals are up to 75 percent more fulfilled than people with easy goals. In these pages, Mark Murphy explains how success, and the satisfaction it brings, comes from knowing how to set goals that are: Heartfelt—have an emotional attachment, “scratch an existential itch.” Animated—motivated by a vision, that movie that plays over and over in your mind. Required—imbued with such a sense of urgency that you have no other choice but to start acting on them right here, right now. Difficult—the greatest achievements come from the toughest challenges—but they also leave you feeling stronger, smarter, and more fulfilled. People set goals all the time, but the majority end up unfulfilled or abandoned. With all the challenges facing us today, we could use a little more achievement. Hard Goals can help us get there by offering the hard science and practical techniques to conquer procrastination and unlock your brain’s potential for realizing your goals.