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Interactions Between Ecosystems and Disease in the Plankton of Freshwater Lakes

Interactions Between Ecosystems and Disease in the Plankton of Freshwater Lakes
Author: Rachel M. Penczykowski
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2013
Genre: Epidemiology
ISBN:
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I investigated effects of environmental change on disease, and effects of disease on ecosystems, using a freshwater zooplankton host and its fungal parasite. This research involved lake surveys, manipulative experiments, and mathematical models. My results indicate that ecosystem characteristics such as habitat structure, nutrient availability, and quality of a host's resources (here, phytoplankton) can affect the spread of disease. For example, a survey of epidemics in lakes revealed direct and indirect links between habitat structure and epidemic size, where indirect connections were mediated by non-host species. Then, in a mesocosm experiment in a lake, manipulations of habitat structure and nutrient availability interactively affected the spread of disease, and nutrient enrichment increased densities of infected hosts. In a separate laboratory experiment, poor quality resources were shown to decrease parasite transmission rate by altering host foraging behavior. My experimental results also suggest that disease can affect ecosystems through effects on host densities and host traits. In the mesocosm experiment, the parasite indirectly increased abundance of algal resources by decreasing densities of the zooplankton host. Disease in the experimental zooplankton populations also impacted nutrient stoichiometry of algae, which could entail a parasite-mediated shift in food quality for grazers such as the host. Additionally, I showed that infection dramatically reduces host feeding rate, and used a dynamic epidemiological model to illustrate how this parasite-mediated trait change could affect densities of resources and hosts, as well as the spread of disease. I discuss the implications of these ecosystem-disease interactions in light of ongoing changes to habitat and nutrient regimes in freshwater ecosystems.

Hypertrophic Ecosystems

Hypertrophic Ecosystems
Author: J. Barica
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 337
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9400992033
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The idea of convening an international workshop on hypertrophic ecosystems originated during the 20th S.I.L. Congress in Copenhagen. A group of about 30 delegates met there in an informal gathering to discuss the specific problems of lakes which have reached a noxious stage of eutrophication. This ad hoc group realized its own specific identity within the limnological community and suggested the organization of a specialized future meeting on hypertrophic ecosystems. After two years of preparatory work, the workshop was fmally held in Vaxjo, Sweden, between September 10 and 14, 1979, on the premises of the University campus. The Institute of Limnology, University of Lund (Professor Sven Bjork), undertook the task of host and organizer. The City ofVaxjo and the University of Lund co-sponsored the event, which was held under the auspices and patronage of the Societas Internationalis Limnologiae. The objective of the workshop was to seek better understanding of highly-eutrophic, disturbed and unstable aquatic ecosystems (lakes, reservoirs and ponds developing noxious algal and bacterial blooms, fluctuating in their water quality on a daily and seasonal scale, producing gases, off-flavor and toxic substances, experiencing periodic anoxia and massive fish kills, etc.), Le., systems requiring corrective measures and new concepts for their solution beyond those generally accepted for 'normal' eutrophic systems.

Influences of the Environment and Plankton Community Interactions on Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms in Vancouver Lake, Washington, a Temperate Shallow Freshwater System

Influences of the Environment and Plankton Community Interactions on Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms in Vancouver Lake, Washington, a Temperate Shallow Freshwater System
Author: Tammy Anne Lee
Publisher:
Total Pages: 175
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:
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Occurrences of cyanobacterial blooms are in freshwater systems are increasing in frequency and intensity largely in response to urbanization of landscapes, eutrophication, and climate change. Cyanobacterial blooms negatively affect water quality which leads to a broad range of environmental, social, and economic concerns. In particular, cyanobacteria are known to produce a suite of toxins that have been linked to changes to the aquatic food web, small animal mortality and illness, and adverse health risks to humans. Vancouver Lake, located in southwest Washington state, is a tidally influenced shallow freshwater lake that exhibits annual summer cyanobacterial blooms that have been an on-going concern for public health and natural resource managers. Thus, the purpose of this project was to investigate the biotic and abiotic interactions associated with bloom events in a shallow, freshwater system. The main objectives were: 1) analyze phytoplankton community dynamics with an emphasis on the cyanobacterial community in relation to water quality factors; 2) identify and quantify toxin producing cyanobacterial populations in relation to water quality factors; 3) assess the potential effects of cyanobacterial blooms on zooplankton community dynamics; and 4) develop a model on the potential effects of wind-driven waves on internal phosphorus loading as a potential mechanism contributing to seasonal cyanobacterial blooms. Our findings suggest that nutrients, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic phosphorus, significantly influence cyanobacterial blooms dynamics, and more specifically with toxin producing cyanobacteria. In relation to zooplankton community dynamics, we found that while cyanobacterial blooms may have some influence, but also non-native invasive crustacean zooplankton may interact with cyanobacterial blooms affecting the summer zooplankton community. In spite of Vancouver Lake being a model large shallow lake highly susceptible to wind driven sediment resuspension, simulations of seasonal orthophosphate availability did not support observed measurements, suggesting other mechanisms such as redox related processes and bioturbation, should be examined in assessing potential management considerations for restoring Vancouver Lake.

Infectious Disease Ecology

Infectious Disease Ecology
Author: Richard S. Ostfeld
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Total Pages: 521
Release: 2010-12-16
Genre: Science
ISBN: 140083788X
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News headlines are forever reporting diseases that take huge tolls on humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and both cultivated and native plants worldwide. These diseases can also completely transform the ecosystems that feed us and provide us with other critical benefits, from flood control to water purification. And yet diseases sometimes serve to maintain the structure and function of the ecosystems on which humans depend. Gathering thirteen essays by forty leading experts who convened at the Cary Conference at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies in 2005, this book develops an integrated framework for understanding where these diseases come from, what ecological factors influence their impacts, and how they in turn influence ecosystem dynamics. It marks the first comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the rich and complex linkages between ecology and disease, and provides conceptual underpinnings to understand and ameliorate epidemics. It also sheds light on the roles that diseases play in ecosystems, bringing vital new insights to landscape management issues in particular. While the ecological context is a key piece of the puzzle, effective control and understanding of diseases requires the interaction of professionals in medicine, epidemiology, veterinary medicine, forestry, agriculture, and ecology. The essential resource on the subject, Infectious Disease Ecology seeks to bridge these fields with an ecological approach that focuses on systems thinking and complex interactions.

The Ecosystem Effects of Cyanobacteria in Oligotrophic Lakes

The Ecosystem Effects of Cyanobacteria in Oligotrophic Lakes
Author: Cayelan Christine Carey
Publisher:
Total Pages: 335
Release: 2012
Genre:
ISBN:
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Cyanobacterial blooms pose a serious threat to the water quality of freshwater lakes because of their scums, toxins, and odors. Synergistic interactions between eutrophication and climate change may be causing cyanobacterial blooms to increase worldwide, which will have substantial consequences for aquatic food webs and nutrient concentrations in lakes. In particular, the trophic state of a lake may be an important determinant of how blooms affect ecosystem functioning. In this dissertation, I used a combination of literature reviews, field surveys, field experiments, and laboratory experiments to examine the causes and effects of cyanobacterial blooms in both oligotrophic and eutrophic freshwater lakes. My research shows that increased nutrients are an important driver of the global increase in cyanobacterial blooms, and future climatic and hydrological conditions may interact to favor cyanobacterial dominance. My experiments with G. echinulata, a cyanobacterium that is increasing in the northeastern United States, demonstrate that high densities of G. echinulata can increase nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in low nutrient lakes. In these systems, G. echinulata can play an important role structuring food webs by increasing the biomass of small-sized phytoplankton. G. echinulata's interactions with phytoplankton are fairly complex, iii however, as I observed that its positive effects were mediated by both trophic interactions (zooplankton biomass) and trophic state (nutrient concentrations), highlighting the context-dependency of the effect of this species on other plankton. I found that nutrients play an important role mediating G. echinulata's effects on phytoplankton: first, increasing nutrients in the water column may be the mechanism by which G. echinulata stimulate other phytoplankton in oligotrophic systems, and second, nutrient concentrations may alter the direction of G. echinulata's effect (i.e., stimulatory or inhibitory) on other plankton. Finally, my data demonstrate that G. echinulata blooms in oligotrophic lakes may have important consequences for water quality. As cyanobacteria continue to increase, it is vitally important to understand how both oligotrophic and eutrophic systems will respond. iv.

Plankton

Plankton
Author: Iain Suthers
Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING
Total Pages: 249
Release: 2019-04-01
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1486308805
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Healthy waterways and oceans are essential for our increasingly urbanised world. Yet monitoring water quality in aquatic environments is a challenge, as it varies from hour to hour due to stormwater and currents. Being at the base of the aquatic food web and present in huge numbers, plankton are strongly influenced by changes in environment and provide an indication of water quality integrated over days and weeks. Plankton are the aquatic version of a canary in a coal mine. They are also vital for our existence, providing not only food for fish, seabirds, seals and sharks, but producing oxygen, cycling nutrients, processing pollutants, and removing carbon dioxide from our atmosphere. This Second Edition of Plankton is a fully updated introduction to the biology, ecology and identification of plankton and their use in monitoring water quality. It includes expanded, illustrated descriptions of all major groups of freshwater, coastal and marine phytoplankton and zooplankton and a new chapter on teaching science using plankton. Best practice methods for plankton sampling and monitoring programs are presented using case studies, along with explanations of how to analyse and interpret sampling data. Plankton is an invaluable reference for teachers and students, environmental managers, ecologists, estuary and catchment management committees, and coastal engineers.

Ocean Acidification

Ocean Acidification
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 200
Release: 2010-09-14
Genre: Science
ISBN: 030916155X
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The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. This benefits human society by moderating the rate of climate change, but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry. Carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water and leads to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. The long term consequences of ocean acidification are not known, but are expected to result in changes to many ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean reviews the current state of knowledge, explores gaps in understanding, and identifies several key findings. Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society. The federal government has taken positive initial steps by developing a national ocean acidification program, but more information is needed to fully understand and address the threat that ocean acidification may pose to marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In addition, a global observation network of chemical and biological sensors is needed to monitor changes in ocean conditions attributable to acidification.

Understanding the Temporal Dynamics of Regional Lakes

Understanding the Temporal Dynamics of Regional Lakes
Author: Bingqin Xu
Publisher:
Total Pages: 214
Release: 2019
Genre: Cyanobacterial blooms
ISBN:
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In recent years, freshwater ecology has moved away from a focus on the temporal dynamics and stability of single water bodies towards a greater understanding of multiple regional systems. Part of the reason for this shift is the recognition that many lake problems and processes are regional, or even global, such as climate change or eutrophication. Understanding the behaviors of lakes in a landscape could enable the prediction of patterns and trends of lake ecosystems in a broad geographical context, which is also fundamental to the concept of ecosystem management. A useful concept for understanding the dynamics of ecosystem change in a regional context is ‘temporal coherence’, or the degree to which change in limnological variables is temporally synchronous across multiple lakes. Strong temporal coherence in ecological conditions can indicate the importance of regional drivers such as climate conditions, while weak temporal coherence implies that within-lake processes are more important than regional controls. In this study, I examined the temporal coherence of a number of physical and biological features of seven New Zealand lakes that differed in trophic status, morphological features, catchment land uses and spatial distance. The results suggest that coherence of lake plankton communities was weak, indicating the importance of lake-specific processes such as lake-specific nutrient dynamics or species interactions. The degree of coherence differs between plankton communities: the temporal coherence was low for phytoplankton community composition, but even weaker for rotifer community composition. The weak coherence in phytoplankton community composition was significantly related to the lake-specific temporal variations of water quality conditions. However, temporal changes in rotifer community composition were more likely to be influenced by a combination of abiotic and biotic factors, including interspecific competition, nutrient dynamics and predation, all of which vary in importance across lakes. Physical variables such as water temperature exhibited stronger temporal coherence than plankton communities, indicating the importance of regional climate controls on lake conditions. Regional climate controls more strongly influenced the temporal coherence of epilimnetic temperature in the study lakes, whereas coherence in bottom temperature was more related to individual lake morphological features. Finally, the temporal coherence of cyanobacteria abundance across the regional study lakes was assessed. Based on the results from temporal coherence analysis, two regression-based models were developed to predict the temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria across the region. The predictions of regional models that relate various water quality factors and the abundance of cyanobacteria reached accuracy rates of c. 90-100% in most study lakes. The results of this modelling exercise indicate the feasibility of regional-scale models as a baseline for monitoring the temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria. My overall results suggest that, in general, the coherence of lake plankton was weak, indicating the importance of lake-specific processes such as lake-specific nutrient dynamics or species interactions. Physical variables such as water temperatures exhibited stronger temporal coherence than plankton communities, indicating the importance of regional climate controls on lake physical conditions.

The Biology of Lakes and Ponds

The Biology of Lakes and Ponds
Author: Christer Brönmark
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Total Pages: 304
Release: 2005-02-17
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9780198516132
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The Biology of Lakes and Ponds ,now in its second edition, is a valuable text for university tuition. Its lucid explanations and descriptions of adaptation, dominance, dispersal, and succession of organisms, as well as the effects of abiotic factors, predation, and competition, ensure its relevance and use to a broad audience of biologists and naturalists with an interest in freshwater ecology.

Diapause in the Crustacea

Diapause in the Crustacea
Author: Victor R. Alekseev
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 260
Release: 1996-03-31
Genre: Nature
ISBN:
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Focuses on the ability crustaceans share with a wide range of invertebrates, to lay eggs that can survive for years without any apparent metabolism in a dry condition, then rapidly develop when water finally comes, and lay another generation of resting eggs. The 26 papers cover the evolutionary aspects, the physiology, induction and termination, the nature of resting stages and their role in the population dynamics of marine and freshwater crustaceans, and crustacean life histories. Specific topics include micro- and macro-evolutionary patterns and processes influencing the distribution of crustacean diapause, the variation in torpidity of diapause in freshwater cyclopoid copepods, the significance of photoperiodism and diapause control in the multicycle Crustacean Daphnia pulex Leydig, the role of parthenogenetic natality and emergence from diapausing eggs in the dynamics of some rotifer populations, and the role of food availability in the variable life history of a cyclopoid copepod. No index. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR